Lesson 6 Flashcards
It is the process of relaying
essential facts on the care that you provide to your client over a period of time.
Documentation
Documentation is made possible through ____________ and ____________.
recording, reporting
A formal, permanent, written communication that documents information relevant to your client’s health care management.
Record
_____________is recommended especially when
you are administering PRN drugs to avoid inadvertent administration of multiple doses which could lead to serious adverse effects
Immediate documentation
Pertinent information that must be included in the recording:
- the administered drug (name, dose, route, and time of administration)
- client’s response to therapy,
- problems with administration (if any)
- unexpected reactions
- refusal
An ____________ is accomplished and a follow-through process is done to identify common errors so that they can be prevented through training and in-service.
incident report
To carry out the monitoring process, you must be
knowledgeable of the ______________.
drug’s mechanism of action
This is the process through which
the drug exerts its pharmacologic effect as well as its intended primary or therapeutic
effect.
drug’s mechanism of action
This is the therapeutic effect of the drug
Desired effect
This refers to the secondary, unintended effects which are
usually predictable and may or may not be desirable
Side effect
These are severe undesirable reactions that must be
reported.
Adverse reactions
This occurs when the patient
who has been previously exposed to the drug develops antibodies
causing an immune response when the patient is re-exposed to the drug.
Allergic reactions (or hypersensitivity)
These are adverse reactions involving the skin
with manifestations ranging from simple rash to potentially fatal
exfoliative dermatitis or Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
Dermatologic reactions
This is a form of cytotoxic reaction caused by drugs that
cause cell death and affect bone marrow cells leading to bone marrow suppression and decreased blood counts.
Blood dyscrasia
This occurs when the drug exposure results to severe
problems of the organ systems causing manifestations indicative of tissue or organ damage of the
system affected.
Organ toxicity
True or False
Toxicity can occur with regular drug doses
True
Some drugs may influence the
physiology of the body too extensively resulting in adverse reactions (e.g.
hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, edema,
dehydration)
Altered physiology and fluid and electrolyte balance
This adverse reaction occurs secondary to the destruction of the normal flora resulting in infection caused by usually
controlled organisms.
Superinfection
This refers to the drug’s adverse effects on the
developing fetus which can include death and congenital defects.
Teratogenicity
This pertains to the decreased physiologic response to repeated administration of a drug; hence, larger drug dose is needed to achieve the usual therapeutic effect. _________________ may also occur in some situations.
Drug tolerance
Cross-tolerance
It relates to the person’s reliance or need to take the drug
Drug dependence
The person is physically dependent to the drug such that
withdrawal symptoms occur when the drug is not taken for a certain period
Addiction
Psychological dependence occurs; the person develops
psychological symptoms when drug is withdrawn
Habituation
This refers to the unexpected peculiar response to a
drug
Idiosyncratic effect
This occurs when the drug is taken in successive doses at
intervals that are shorter than recommended, or the body does not eliminate
the drug properly, causing accumulation and adverse effects
Cumulative effect
A psychological effect derived from administration of a
dosage form that does not contain the active ingredient.
Placebo effect
aspirin and propoxyphene – combined analgesic effects can provide greater pain relief (desirable)
nitroglycerin and apresoline – combined vasodilating effects can lead to
severe hypotension (undesirable)
Additive effect
barbiturates and alcohol – combination of these two substances causes
profound CNS depression
ASA and codeine – their combined effects produces much greater pain
relief
Synergistic effect
magnesium sulfate and calcium gluconate – calcium gluconate is the
antidote for magnesium sulfate toxicity
iron and desferoxamine mesylate – desferoxamine combines with iron
producing a stable compound that is eliminated in the kidneys
Antagonistic effect
antacid and ranitidine – antacid interferes with the absorption of
ranitidine resulting to decreased ranitidine effect
probenecid and penicillin – probenecid interferes with the excretion of
penicillin resulting to increased antibiotic activity
Interference
warfarin and valproic acid competes at the receptor sites
Displacement
furosemide and low pH solutions – furosemide precipitates when
administered in IV solutions with low pH
ampicillin and gentamicin – ampicillin inactivates gentamicin when these
drugs are mixed
Incompatibility
when two drugs with similar actions are taken, the effect is
doubled
Additive effect
the combined effect of two drugs exceeds the sum of the
effects of each drug given alone
Synergistic effect
the effects of two drugs cancel each other (1+1=0) or the
combined effect is less than the sum of each drug working alone; this is usually the basis for the administration of antidotes to counteract the toxic effects of
another drug
Antagonistic effect
it occurs when the metabolism or excretion of one drug is
inhibited by another drug/substance
Interference
the activity of one drug increases because another drug binds
more readily at the protein-binding sites
Displacement
this occurs when the physical interaction of drugs causes
deterioration of the effect of at least one of the drugs; this is usually the basis for the administration of drugs to be mixed or not in IV solutions/syringes
Incompatibility
