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[Molecular Biology] Lec > LESSON 7 CHROMOSOMES > Flashcards

LESSON 7 CHROMOSOMES Flashcards

1
Q

Chromosomes were first described by [?] in 1879-1892 as accurate counting of chromosomes, first observed chromosomes in cell division.

A

Walther Flemming, Eduard Strasburger and Eduard van Beneden

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2
Q

The term “Chromosome”, however was first used by [?] in 1888.

A

Henrich Wilhelm Gottfried Waldeyer

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3
Q

They were given the name chromosome (Chroma = colour; Soma = body) due to their marked affinity for [?].

A

basic dyes

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4
Q

: end color of chromosome using Giemsa

A

Purple/blue

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5
Q

Chromosomes are composed of thin chromatin (made up of DNA coiled in histones) threads called

A

Chromatin fibers.

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6
Q

• These fibers undergo folding, coiling and supercoiling during (?) so that the chromosomes become progressively thicker and smaller.

A

prophase

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7
Q

: starts to coil to become a chromosome for easier distribution to daughter cells upon mitosis

A

Prophase

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8
Q

nuclear membrane disappears (also in metaphase and anaphase)

A

Prophase

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9
Q

DNA is coiled to a dense chromosome to make sure that the daughter cells receive all 46 chromosomes

A

Prophase

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10
Q

Therefore, chromosomes become readily observable under light microscope.

A

Metaphase:

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11
Q

: distribution of chromosomes

A

Metaphase

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12
Q

At the end of cell division, on the other hand, the fibers uncoil and extend as fine chromatin threads, which are not visible at light microscope

A

Telophase and Cytokinase

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13
Q

longer part of the chromosome is not visible and goes back to chromatin

A

Telophase and Cytokinase

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14
Q

nuclear membrane returns

A

Telophase and Cytokinase

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15
Q

discovered the chromosomal theory of inheritance in 1902

A

Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri

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16
Q

It is shown that chromosomes occur in pairs, one parent contributes each member of the pair, and the pairs separate during meiosis.

A

chromosomal theory of inheritance

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17
Q

The parent gives [?] or pieces of chromosome each

A

23:23

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18
Q

: a cell division that happens among sex cells (sperm and ova) only

A

Meiosis

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19
Q

suggested that genes reside in chromosome as seen in Drosophila.

A

• Thomas Hunt Morgan

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20
Q

became their muse for understanding genes and inheritance.

A

Fruit flies

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21
Q

The genomes of [?] are contained in single chromosomes,

A

prokaryotes

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22
Q

prokaryotes are complexed with histone-like proteins in a structure termed the

A

nucleoid

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23
Q

• “naked” DNA

A

PROKARYOTIC

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24
Q

• Attached to plasma membrane

A

PROKARYOTIC

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25
Q

Do not have a true nucleus, not enclosed by a nuclear membrane

A

PROKARYOTIC

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26
Q

Does not have a nuclear membrane anymore because they are coiled and in a condensed form, unlike in humans which is not condensed during interphase information

A

PROKARYOTIC

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27
Q

Chromosome and plasmids caries the genetic info

A

PROKARYOTIC

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28
Q

• Prokaryotes also frequently carry one or more smaller independent circular DNAs, called

A

plasmids

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29
Q

• Bacterial cells may also contain [?] that are autonomously self replicating extrachromosomal DNA that confer special characteristics to the cell in which it is present.

A

plasmids

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30
Q

They replicate at their own phase w/o DNA involvement

A

plasmids

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31
Q

• Unlike the larger chromosomal DNA, [?] typically are not essential for bacterial growth

A

plasmids

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32
Q

carry genes that confer desirable traits to the bacteria, such as antibiotic resistance

A

plasmids

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33
Q

Passing antibiotic resistant gene will produce “superbugs”

A

plasmids

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34
Q

Also distinct from chromosomal DNA, plasmids can be present in many complete copies per cell.
• Eg.

A

Antiobiotic Resistance genes

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35
Q

Plasmids include the fertility factor (F+ plasmid)
Ex.

A

Multidrug resistant TB

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36
Q
  • Plasmid is passed thru a
A

pilus

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37
Q
  • Chromosomal DNA is passed thru
A

binary fission

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38
Q
  • Conjugation
A

PLASMID DNA

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39
Q
  • Antibiotic resistance is passed thru
A

PLASMID DNA

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40
Q
  • Cell division
A

CHROMOSOMAL DNA

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41
Q
  • Found in bacteria
A

Plasmids

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42
Q
  • no need for nuclear membrane de to organized chromosomal DNA
A

Plasmids

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43
Q

prokaryotes compress their DNA into smaller spaces is through

A

Supercoiling

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44
Q

could be a means of identification of bacteria

A

Supercoiling

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45
Q

The helix twists on itself; twists to the right

A

Positive supercoil

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46
Q

Helix twists on itself in the opposite direction; twists the left

A

Negative supercoil

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47
Q

Most common type of supercoiling

A

Negative supercoil

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48
Q

The Bacterial Chromosome Is Condensed Into

A

Chromosomal Domains

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49
Q

• The circular DNA is packaged into a region of the cell called the [?] where it is organized into 50 or so loops or domains that are bound to a central protein scaffold, attached to the cell membrane.

A

nucleoid

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50
Q

Single, circular DNA molecule located in the nucleoid region of cell

A

Bacterial Chromosome

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51
Q

Is an enzyme necessary for the unwinding the coils to the right. In order for DNA to control the synthesis of proteins, and in order for DNA to reproduce.

A

DNA gyrase (Topoisomerase II)

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52
Q

They cut the DNA, and at the end of the process connect it again

A

DNA gyrase (Topoisomerase II)

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53
Q

: twists itself to look like a flower

A

Histone-like

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54
Q

possess multiple large linear chromosomes contained in the cell’s nucleus.

A

Eukaryotes

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55
Q

DNA Is Organized into [?] in Eukaryotes.

A

Chromatin

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56
Q

The complexes between eukaryotic DNA and proteins (histone and non-histone proteins) are called [?]

A

Chromatin

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57
Q

typically contains about twice as much protein as DNA.

A

Chromatin

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58
Q

Complex interactions between [?] in the chromosomes regulate gene and chromosomal function

A

proteins and nucleic acids

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59
Q

[?] is (-) charged; [?] is (+) charged = affinity to each other

A

DNA

Histone

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60
Q

Left sister chromatid has the same genetic info with the right sister chromatid to divide into two and pass to each daughter cell

A

Chromosome Structure

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61
Q

: DNA form. To easily pass it to the daughter cells, it will be condensed to become a chromatin.

A

Interphase

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62
Q

: chromosome

A

Prophase

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63
Q

In contrast, all [?] have multiple linear chromosomes.

A

eukaryotic cells

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64
Q

Circular DNA molecules also occur in [?], which are present in almost all eukaryotic cells, and in [?], which are present in plants and some unicellular eukaryotes.

A

mitochondria

chloroplasts

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65
Q

Nuclear membrane breaks down

A

Prophase

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66
Q

DNA condensing to form chromosomes (each consisting of two identical chromatids)

A

Prophase

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67
Q

Newly formed scaffold of spindle tubules attached to chromosomes at the centromere

A

Metaphase

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68
Q

Chromosomes are manoeuvred into the equator

A

Metaphase

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69
Q

Spindle tubules contract and pull the chromatids apart towards opposite poles of the cell

A

Anaphase

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70
Q

Spindle tubules break down

A

Telophase

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71
Q

Nuclear membrane re-forms

A

Telophase

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72
Q

Cell undergoes cytokinesis

A

Telophase

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73
Q

Chromosomes de-condense and disappear

A

Telophase

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74
Q

Identical diploid daughter cells

A

Telophase

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75
Q

In contrast to other cell organelles, the size of chromosomes shows a remarkable variation depending upon the [?] of cell division.

A

stages

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76
Q

: sister chromatids are replicated, thinnest

A

Interphase

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77
Q

Growth 1 phase - S-phase/Synthesis - Growth 2 phase

A

Interphase

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78
Q

Chromatin phase/Intermediate phase/Preparation phase

A

Interphase

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79
Q

Duplication of the organelle (ribosome, centrioles, centrosome, mitochondria)

A

Interphase

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80
Q

Double contents

A

Interphase

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81
Q

: Condensation/coiling: there is a progressive decrease in their length accompanied with an increase in thickness

A

Prophase

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82
Q

Breakdown of nuclear membrane due to the release of nuclear contents and chromosomes

A

Prophase

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83
Q

: Chromosomes are the most easily observed and studied during (?) when they are very thick, quite short and well spread in the cell

A

Metaphase

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84
Q

lining in the equatorial plate; chromosomes aligned in the middle along with the microtubules from the centrosome

A

Metaphase

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85
Q

nuclear membrane starts to form again; contents in the middle of the cell

A

Metaphase

86
Q

: chromosomes are smallest

A

Anaphase

87
Q

pulling apart of chromosomes into chromatids; spindle fiber separates to the opposite pole; microtubules are still visible

A

Anaphase

88
Q

Therefore, chromosomes measurements are generally taken during mitotic [?]

A

metaphase

89
Q

: microtubules are not prominent anymore and on the far side of the opposite pole

A

Telophase

90
Q

nuclear membrane and the cytoplasm starts to reform again

A

Telophase

91
Q

chromosome is not visible anymore

A

Telophase

92
Q

has loose chromatin structure and active for transcription.

A

• Euchromatin

93
Q

has condensed chromatin structure and is inactive for transcription.

A

• Heterochromatin

94
Q

The major components of chromatin are

A

DNA and histone proteins.

95
Q

two types of chromatin can be distinguished:

A
96
Q

• [?], which consists of DNA that is active, e.g., being expressed as protein.

A

Euchromatin

97
Q

• [?], which consists of mostly inactive DNA.

A

Heterochromatin

98
Q

We have [?] with [?] and not all are active

A

3B bases

20,000 genes

99
Q
  • May convert to euchromatin through acetylation or demethylation
A

Facultive Heterochromatin

100
Q
  • Constitutive heterochromatin
A

Centromeres

101
Q
  • Double stranded DNA
A

Centromeres

102
Q
  • Binds to Kinetochore during mitosis
A

Centromeres

103
Q
  • Constitutive heterochromatin
A

Telomere

104
Q
  • Single stranded DNA
A

Telomere

105
Q
  • Protect ends of DNA from degradation
A

Telomere

106
Q
  • prevents chromosomes from sticking together
A

Telomere

107
Q

The DNA of eukaryotic cell is tightly bound to small basic proteins (?) that package the DNA in an orderly way in the cell nucleus.

A

histones

108
Q

For e.g., the total extended length of DNA in a human cell is nearly 2 m, but this must be fit into a nucleus with a diameter of only [?].

A

5 to 10um

109
Q

The major proteins of chromatin are the

A

histones

110
Q

– small proteins containing a high proportion of basic amino acids (arginine and lysine) that facilitate binding negatively charged DNA molecule .

A

histones

111
Q

There are 5 major types of histones:

A

H1, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4

112
Q
  • which are very similar among different species of eukaryotes.
A

H1, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4

113
Q

: enables the chromosome to bend

A

primary constriction

114
Q

point of attachment for kinetochore and microtubules

A

primary constriction

115
Q

: constrictions found in the arm for identification

A

secondary constriction

116
Q

The two ends of a chromosome are known as

A

telomeres

117
Q

It required for the replication and stability of the chromosomes

A

telomeres

118
Q

They help the organise each of our 46 chromosomes in the nucleus

They protect the ends of our chromosomes by forming a cap, much like the plastic tip on shoelaces.

A

telomeres

119
Q

If the [?] were not there, our chromosomes may end up sticking to other chromosomes.

A

telomeres

120
Q

Every time a cell carries out DNA replication the chromosomes are shortened by about [?] (A, C, G, or T) per replication.

A

25-200 bases

121
Q

However, because the ends are protected by telomeres, the only part of the chromosome that is lost, is the [?], and the DNA is left undamaged.

A

telomere

122
Q

Without [?], important DNA would be lost everytime a cell divides.

A

telomeres

123
Q

are made of repetitive sequences of noncoding DNA that protect the chromosome from damage.

A

Telomeres

124
Q

Each time a cell divides, the [?] become shorter.

A

telomeres

125
Q

Eventually, the [?] become so short that the cell can no longer divide.

A

telomeres

126
Q

length determines the person’s age

A

telomeres

127
Q

The region where two sister chromatids of a chromosome appear to be joined or “held together” during mitotic phase is called

A

Centromere

128
Q

When chromosomes are stained they typically show a dark-stained region that is the centromere.

A

Centromere

129
Q

Also termed as Primary constriction

A

Centromere

130
Q

During mitosis, the [?] that is shared by the sister chromatids must divide so that the chromatids can migrate to opposite poles of the cell.

A

Centromere

131
Q

Therefore, the [?] is an important component of chromosome structure and segregation.

A

Centromere

132
Q

The [?] divides the chromosome into two arms, so that, for example, an acrocentric chromosome has one short (p) and one long arm (q arm).

A

centromere

133
Q

The [?] is named for “petit” meaning ‘small’

A

p arm

134
Q

is named q simply because it follows p in the alphabet.

A

q arm

135
Q

has arms of equal length.

A

metacentric chromosome

136
Q

All house mouse chromosomes are [?]

A

acrocentric

137
Q

human chromosomes include both [?], but no [?].

A

metacentric and acrocentric

telocentric

138
Q

Chromosome Types: Based on

A

Centromere Position

139
Q

• Centromere is located exactly at the centre of chromosome, i.e. both arms are equal in size

A

Metacentric Chromosome

140
Q

Such chromosomes assume „V‟ shape at anaphase.

A

Metacentric Chromosome

141
Q

• The centromere is located on one side of the centre point such that one arm is longer than the other

A

Submetacentric Chromosome

142
Q

• These chromosomes become „J‟ or „L‟ shaped at anaphase

A

Submetacentric Chromosome

143
Q

• Centromere is located close to one end of the chromosome and thus giving a very short arm and a very long arm.

A

Acrocentric Chromosome

144
Q

• These chromosomes acquire ‘J’ shape or rod shape during anaphase. s are „I‟ shaped or rod shaped.

A

Acrocentric Chromosome

145
Q

• Centromere is located at one end of the chromosome so that the chromosome has only one arm.

A

Telocentric Chromosome

146
Q

• These chromosome are „I‟ shaped or rod shaped.

A

Telocentric Chromosome

147
Q

Within the [?] region, most species have several locations where spindle fibers attach, and these sites consist of DNA as well as protein.

A

centromere

148
Q

The actual location where the attachment occurs is called the [?] and is composed of both DNA and protein

A

kinetochore

149
Q

Human cells are [?] (46 Ch or 2n)

A

diploid

150
Q

Autosome (body cells : diploid):

A

22 pairs

151
Q

Sex chromosome (sex cells : haploid):

A

1 pair

152
Q

first three: [?] centromere (equal size of both arms)

A

metacentric

153
Q

The size of the chromosomes in mitotic phase of animal and plants sp generally varies between [?] in length, and between [?] in diameter.

A

0.5 m and 32 u

0.2 u and 3.0 u

154
Q

The longest metaphase chromosomes found in Trillium -[?].

A

32 u

155
Q

The giant chromosomes found in diptera and they may be as long as [?] and up to [?] in diameter.

A

300 u

10 u

156
Q

In general, plants have [?] than animal and species having lower chromosome numbers have long chromosomes than those having higher chromosome numbers.

A

longer chromosomes

157
Q

is a test to identify and evaluate the size, shape, and number of chromosomes in a sample of body cells.

A

Karyotype

158
Q

[?] of chromosome pieces, can cause problems with a person’s growth, development, and body functions.

A

Extra or missing chromosomes, or abnormal positions

159
Q

It is usually represented by a diagram called idiogram

A

Karyotype

160
Q

where chromosomes of haploid set of an organism are ordered in a series of decreasing size

A

idiogram

161
Q

Human chromosomes are divided into

A

7 groups & sex chromosomes

162
Q

A: [?] Large metacentric

A

1-3

163
Q

B: [?] Large submetacentric

A

4,5

164
Q

C: [?], X Medium sized, metacentric and submetacentric

A

6-12

165
Q

D: [?] medium-sized acrocentric plus satellites

A

13-15

166
Q

E: [?] short metacentric 16 or submetacentric 17,18

A

16-18

167
Q

F: [?] Short metacentrics

A

19-20

168
Q

G: [?], Y Short acrocentrics with satellites

A

21,22

169
Q

: no satellites

A

Y

170
Q

extra chromosome 21st (47 chromosomes)

A

Down Syndrome - Trisomy 21

171
Q

lacks X chromosome

A

Turner Syndrome

172
Q

excess X chromosome

A

Klinefelter Syndrome

173
Q

• To see chromosomes by microscope, they are normally treated with chemical dyes, such as Giemsa.

A

Chromosome banding

174
Q

• The chromosome will appear as a series of alternate dark and light bands.

A

Chromosome banding

175
Q

• If Giemsa is used, the dark band is called [?] and the light band is named [?].

A

G-band or G-positive band,

G-negative band

176
Q

• a technique for the identification of chromosomes and its structural abnormalities

A

Chromosome banding

177
Q

Human

A

46

178
Q

Chimpanzee

A

48

179
Q

Dog

A

78

180
Q

Horse

A

64

181
Q

Chicken

A

78

182
Q

Goldfish

A

94

183
Q

Fruit fly

A

8

184
Q

Mosquito

A

6

185
Q

Nematode

A

11(m), 12(f)

186
Q

Horsetail

A

216

187
Q

Sequoia

A

22

188
Q

Round worm

A

2

189
Q

Transcriptionally active

A

Euchromatin,

190
Q

Transcriptionally inactive

A

Heterochromatin,

191
Q

DNA is loosely packed

A

Euchromatin,

192
Q

DNA is highly packed

A

Heterochromatin,

193
Q

Actively present in Prokaryotic and eukaryotic genome

A

Euchromatin,

194
Q

Only present in eukaryotic genome

A

Heterochromatin,

195
Q

Genetically active

A

Euchromatin,

196
Q

Genetically inactive

A

Heterochromatin,

197
Q

Present at inner side of the nucleus

A

Euchromatin,

198
Q

Present at nucleus periphery

A

Heterochromatin,

199
Q

Stained lighter

A

Euchromatin,

200
Q

Stained dark

A

Heterochromatin,

201
Q

Early replicative

A

Euchromatin,

202
Q

Late replicative

A

Heterochromatin,

203
Q

Aren’t sticky

A

Euchromatin,

204
Q

Are usually sticky

A

Heterochromatin,

205
Q

Allow gene to form a protein

A

Euchromatin,

206
Q

Regulates genetic integrity, and control gene expression

A

Heterochromatin,

207
Q

Low genetic density

A

Euchromatin,

208
Q

High genetic density

A

Heterochromatin,

209
Q

Consist 2 to 3% part of the genome

A

Euchromatin,

210
Q

Consist 97 to 98% part of the genome

A

Heterochromatin,

[Molecular Biology] Lec (13 decks)

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