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Molecular Biology Lec > LESSON 6 DNA & RNA STRUCTURE > Flashcards

LESSON 6 DNA & RNA STRUCTURE Flashcards

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1
Q

FUNCTION
Long term storage of genetic information

A

DNA

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2
Q

FUNCTION
Used to transfer genetic information in organisms

A

RNA

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3
Q

COMPOSITION
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine bases

A

DNA

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4
Q

COMPOSITION
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil bases

A

RNA

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5
Q

PROPAGATION
selfreplicating

A

DNA

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6
Q

PROPAGATION
It is synthesized from DNA on an asneeded basis

A

RNA

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7
Q

LOCATION
Nucleus
Mitochondria (circular)
Bacteria, Viruses

A

DNA

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8
Q

LOCATION
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Nucleolus
Bacteria, Viruses

A

RNA

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9
Q

STRUCTURE
Double stranded

A

DNA

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10
Q

STRUCTURE
Linear or circular

A

DNA

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11
Q

STRUCTURE
Single stranded

A

RNA

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12
Q

STRUCTURE
Branched

A

RNA

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13
Q

SUGAR
2’-Deoxyribose

A

DNA

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14
Q

SUGAR
Ribose

A

RNA

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15
Q

PYRIMIDINE
Cytosine
Thymine

A

DNA

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16
Q

PYRIMIDINE
Cytosine
Uracil

A

RNA

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17
Q

PURINE
Adenine
Guanine

A

DNA

RNA

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18
Q

PHOSPHATE/ PHOSPHORIC ACID PRESENT

A

DNA

RNA

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19
Q

from phosphoruc acid

A

PHOSPHORIC ACID

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20
Q

gives the acidity to the nucleic acids

A

PHOSPHORIC ACID

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21
Q

one of the unique structures found in the nucleic acid

A

PHOSPHORIC ACID

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22
Q

: concentrated in the nucleus, and condensed during mitosis in the Ch

A

Prokaryotes

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23
Q

2 cpt carrying genetic info in bacteria:

A

Ch and plasmids

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24
Q

: has DNA; resistant to antibiotics and metals

A

Plasmid

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25
Q

Only enclosed in the nucleus

A

DNA

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26
Q

Self-replicating so that the daughter cells would have the same DNA

A

DNA

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27
Q

Pivotal in transcription and translation

A

RNA

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28
Q

Can go out of the nucleus

A

RNA

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29
Q

Transitory molecules (messenger)

A

RNA

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30
Q

Made the copy of the genetic info from the nucleus

A

RNA

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31
Q

Transcription: serves as a scribe

A

RNA

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32
Q

Moves around the molecule from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to the ribosome

A

RNA

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33
Q

: pentose w/ 5 carbon sugar

A

Ribose

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34
Q

: takes the place of Thymine in DNA

A

Uracil

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35
Q

complementary base of adenine

A

Uracil

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36
Q

: makes up the ribosomes

A

rRNA

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37
Q

: initiates the creation of ribosomes

A

Nucleolus

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38
Q

dense portion inside the nucleus

A

Nucleolus

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39
Q

Can form complementary bases upon its folding

A

RNA

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40
Q

: backbone

A

Sugar and phosphate

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41
Q

Why does RNA has uracil?
1. Uracil uses [?] to produce than Thymine. Thymine needs more time to be produced
2. Uracil is [?] from the degradation of cytosine
3. Uracil is [?] to oxidation and photochemical mutations if it travels outside the nucleolus

A

less energy

easily produced

more resistant

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42
Q

: less energy to make and more stable

A

Transitory molecule

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43
Q

Requires less expenditure of ATP

A

Uracil

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44
Q

is a more convenient choice as a nitrogenous base

A

Uracil

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45
Q

is more hardy/tenacious from oxidative stress and mutation

A

Uracil

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46
Q

encounters enzymes, oxygen, etc. when it travels outside the nucleus, making it more resistant and more stable

A

RNA

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47
Q

is typically double stranded

A

DNA

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48
Q

is typically single stranded

A

RNA

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49
Q

Although it is single stranded, [?] can fold upon itself, with the folds stabilized by short areas of complementary base pairing within the molecule, forming a three-dimensional structure creating a hair-pin structure

A

RNA

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50
Q

A spiral ladder structure (helical)

A
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51
Q

Double helix

A

DNA

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52
Q

The 2 DNA strands are

A

antiparallel

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53
Q

DNA is composed of repeating units called

A

nucleotides

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54
Q

: side of ladder

A

Sugar-PO4

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55
Q

N bases are connected by

A

Hydrogen bonds

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56
Q

Nucleotide: [?]

A

Sugar + nitrogen base + P04

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57
Q

: [?] - fundamental sub-unit of Nucleic acid

A

Nucleotide

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58
Q

Yellow: [?]/alternate phosphate and sugar

A

sugar phosphate backbone

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59
Q

Sugar-PO4 Connected by

A

covalent bonding

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60
Q

in the process of replication are the construction workers who adds nucleotides to elongate the DNA

A

DNA polymerase

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61
Q

staircase:

A

nitrogenous bases

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62
Q

Directions: [?] - important in replication

A

3’ to 5’ and 5’ to 3’

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63
Q

Nucleic Acid Composition: Nucleotide

A
  1. Sugar (Pentose)
  2. Phosphate from Phosphoric acid
  3. Nitrogenous base
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64
Q

Adenine Guanine - bases with double ring structure

A

Purine

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65
Q

Cytosine Thymine (uracil in RNA) - bases with the singlering structure

A

Pyrimidine

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66
Q

phosphoric acid: red circle
pentose-shaped sugar
nitrogenous base

A

nulceotide

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67
Q

: adds nucleotide to the new daughter strand

A

DNA polymerase

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68
Q

: adds nucleotide to the mRNA

A

RNA polymerase

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69
Q

: gives the acidity of nucleic acids

A

PHOSPHATE GROUP

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70
Q

: purine (double ring structure)

A

NITROGENOUS BASE

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71
Q
  • a weak bond in which two negatively charged atoms share a hydrogen atom
A

Hydrogen Bond

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72
Q
  • holds the two bases from the different strands together
A

Hydrogen Bond

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73
Q
  • holds the stacking of the base pairs on top of one another
A

Hydrogen Bond

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74
Q
  • process of denaturation targets the
A

Hydrogen Bond

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75
Q
  • adenine is paired w/ thymine (?); guanine pairs w/ cytosine (?) (Chargaff’s rule)
A

2 H bonds

3 H bonds

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76
Q

– negatively charged

A

DNA

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77
Q

= forms a base pair

A

1 nitrogenous base + 1 nitrogenous

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78
Q

Only [?] fit inside the double helix.

A

purine-pyrimidine pairs

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79
Q
  • NOT ENOUGH SPACE
A

Purine-purine pair

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80
Q
  • TOO MUCH SPACE
A

Pyrimidine-pyrimidine pair

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81
Q
  • JUST RIGHT
A

Purine-pyrimidine pair

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82
Q

form between G-C pairs and A-T pairs

A

Hydrogen bonds

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83
Q

The rule that in DNA there is always equality in quantity between the bases A and T and between the bases G and C

A

Chargaff rule

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84
Q

If Guanine always pairs with Cytosine and Adenine always pairs with Thymine, they are always found in set amounts forming a total of 100%

A

Answer:
20% Guanines and 20% Cytosines
30% Adenines and 30% Thymines

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85
Q

Because of this complementary base pairing, the order of the bases in e strand determines the order of the bases in the other strand. This is the [?]

A

DNA’s secondary structure

86
Q

The bases are arranged in triplets called

A

codons

87
Q

AGG-CTC-AAG-TCC-TAG

A

TCC- GAG-TTC-AGG-ATC

88
Q

: Held together by covalent bonds

A

Sides

(Sugar and phosphate)

89
Q

: Held held together by hydrogen bonds

A

Middle

(Nitrogen bases)

90
Q

consists of a sequence of nitrogen-containing bases.

A

Primary structure

91
Q

results from complementary base pairing includes short regions of double helice: and structures called hairpins

A

Secondary structure

92
Q

The bases of RNA typically form [?] with complementary bases on the same strand.

A

hydrogen bonds

93
Q

RNA molecules can have

A

tertiary and quaternary structures

94
Q

Not single stranded because it has already formed the secondary structure

A

RNA

95
Q

Single-stranded: loop

A

Primary structure

96
Q

Double-stranded: double helix

A

Secondary structure

97
Q

Hairpins: where RNA structure is based

A

Secondary structure

98
Q

: linear, single-stranded, primary structure

A

mRNA

99
Q

: more complicated

A

rNA and tRNA

100
Q

• make up an integral part of the ribosome

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

101
Q

What is the purpose of ribosome?

  1. Organize [?]
  2. Structure that helps in taking the instructions from the mRNA and use these to organize the tRNA carrying amino acids to assemble the [?]
  3. Contains [?]
A

translation

protein sequence

proteins and rRNA

102
Q

For protein synthesis

A

Ribosome

103
Q

: act of decoding of mRNA by tRNA

A

translation

104
Q

: factory

A

ribosome

105
Q

: factory workers

A

characters/factors

106
Q

: reads mRNA and carries designated amino acid based on the protein sequence

A

tRNA

107
Q

: main factors

A

mRNA and tRNA

108
Q

is a dynamic membrane-less structure whose primary function is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and ribosome biogenesis

A

Nucleolus

109
Q

contains the genetic information and instructions on making ribosomal RNA

A

Nucleolus

110
Q

dense mass inside the nucleus

A

Nucleolus

111
Q

important for rNA and ribosome synthesis

A

Nucleolus

112
Q

Structure of ribosome

A
  1. Subunit: small (40s) and large subunits (60s)
  2. Binding sites
113
Q

“S”:

A

sedimentation rate or Svedberg unit

114
Q

– human

A

Eukaryotic

115
Q

– bacteria

A

Prokaryotic

116
Q

Antibiotics that prevents the process of protein synthesis attacks the

A

50s and 30s

117
Q

: accepts the incoming aminoacylated tRNA

A

A site (amino-acyl)

118
Q

landing site

A

A site (amino-acyl)

119
Q

: holds the tRNA which is linked to the growing polypeptide chain

A

P site

120
Q

: has A anticodon

A

tRNA

121
Q

reads the code that matches the anticodon with a designated

A

tRNA

122
Q

extends until protein synthesis is terminated

A

P site

123
Q

: holds the tRNA before it leaves the ribosome

A

E site (exit)

124
Q

• which acts as a template for protein synthesis and has the same sequence of bases as the DNA’strand that has the gene sequence

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

125
Q

: mRNA product after transcription it is must be further processed for error, to prevent degradation and stability

A

• pre-mRNA transcripts

126
Q

Created in transcription (first part of protein synthesis)

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

127
Q

Copies the bases of the DNA strand

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

128
Q

Transcription End product:

A

pre-mRNA

129
Q

Addition of [?] increases the stability of mRNA

A

caps and tail

130
Q

: protection of mRNA

A

5’ cap and poly a tail

131
Q

Upon further processing, [?] are removed

A

non-coding regions (introns)

132
Q

Left after further processing:

A

5’ cap, coding region (exon), Poly A tail

133
Q

Important in translation

A

Transfer RBA (tRNA)

134
Q

type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein

A

Transfer RBA (tRNA)

135
Q

reads the mRNA from the 5’ to 3’ end

A

tRNA

136
Q

has an anti-codon that binds to matching mRNA through base pairing

A

tRNA

137
Q

on the opposite side has an amino acid covalently attached to it

A

tRNA

138
Q

Has a secondary and tertiary structure

A

tRNA)

139
Q

’: convenient and continuous; faster in replication

A

Always going to 3

140
Q

: P site

A

Methionine

141
Q

: A site

A

Phenylalanine

142
Q

Phenylalanine switches to [?] to remove the previous tRNA

A

Methionine

143
Q

: reads/decodes the codons of mRNA

A

Anticodons

144
Q

tRNA:

A

anti-codons

145
Q

mRNA:

A

codons

146
Q

an amino acids corresponds to

A

anti-codons

147
Q

very important in the growth process

A

REPLICATION

148
Q

as the cells divide, each one would have the same genetic information

A

REPLICATION

149
Q

happens in the S-phase (interphase)

A

REPLICATION

150
Q

THREE THEORIES

A

Semi-conservative

Conservative

Dispersive

151
Q

not founf to be biologically significant

A

Conservative

Dispersive

152
Q

DNA divides into two, opens up, and one strand will be the template for the new strand. The other strand does the same.

A

Semi-conservative

153
Q

Conservation of the original strand, to serve as a basis for the creation of the new strand.

A

Semi-conservative

154
Q

Once DNA is replicated, it will make 2 distinct strands.

A

Conservative:

155
Q

One strand from the parent strand, and one strand from the newly synthesized strand.

A

Conservative:

156
Q

First part of one strand coming from the parent strand, following the second part coming from the newly synthesized strand.

A

Dispersive:

157
Q

DNA must make an exact copy of itself to equally divide the genetic information during mitosis and meiosis

A

DNA REPLICATION

158
Q

DNA REPLICATION Overview of the steps:
a. DNA molecule - [?]
b. [?] attached themselves in correct place of each strand
c. Each strand becomes a [?]

A

unzip

New bases

double helix

159
Q

DNA replication is continuous in the

A

5’ to 3’ direction.

160
Q

• Free nucleotides in

A

nucleoplasm

161
Q

• are added one at a time to the growing end of a DNA strand in the 5’ to 3’ direction

A

nucleotides

162
Q

Basic rules of replication
1. [?]
2. Starts at the [?]
3. Synthesis always in the [?]
4. Can be [?]
5. [?]
a. Leading strand
b. Lagging strand
6. [?] required

A

Semi-conservative

‘origin’

5-3’ direction

uni or bidirectional

Semi-discontinuous

RNA primers

163
Q

will be the starting point for the DNA polymerase

A

Primers

164
Q

once the double helix opens up, direction of replication form movement is from

A

5’ to 3’

165
Q

leading strand; continuous; new strand created

A

5’ to 3’

166
Q

where the template is added (antiparallel)

A

3’

167
Q

slower (lagging strand); brand new strand

A

5’

168
Q

removes helical twists by cutting a DNA strand and then resealing the cut

A

Topoisomerases

169
Q

separates 2 strands (unwinds and opens the helix)

A

Helicases

170
Q

RNA primer synthesis

A

Primase

171
Q

protects the DNA strand from degradation, modulate the activity of proteins involved

A

Single strand binding protein (SSB)

172
Q

synthesis of new strand

A

DNA polymerase

173
Q

stabilises polymerase

A

Tethering protein

174
Q

seals nick via phosphodiester linkage

A

DNA ligase

175
Q

connects breakages between nucleotides

A

DNA ligase

176
Q

construction workers; adds nucleotides

A

DNA polymerase

177
Q

stabilizes the single strand of DNA

A

Single strand binding protein (SSB)

178
Q

it attaches to the strands once separated, preventing other proteins from making a secondary structure/complementary bases

A

Single strand binding protein (SSB)

179
Q

only limits the process to replication and no other extra activities

A

Single strand binding protein (SSB)

180
Q

guides the DNA where to start

A

DNA primase

181
Q

important in adding the primer, which will dictate the DNA polymerase where to start

A

RNA primer synthesis

182
Q

stabilizes the twist; removes the stress

A

Helicases

183
Q

slices the DNA strand to reduce the stress/torsion and straighten it

A

Topoisomerases

184
Q

it could reseal the cut once done

A

Topoisomerases

185
Q

relieves the stress from being helical

A

Topoisomerases

186
Q

: made up of nucleotides; added portion by portion

A

Okazaki fragments

187
Q

can only be found in the lagging strand; added by DNA polymerase

A

Okazaki fragments

188
Q

The mechanism of DNA replication

A

Initiation

Elongation

Termination

189
Q

Replication proteins bind to DNA and open up double helix by the helicase

A

Initiation

190
Q

Prepare DNA for complementary base pairing

A

Initiation

191
Q

Starting point

A

Initiation

192
Q

: DNA polymerase adds the nucleotides to the 3’ end of the template where it is marked by a primer into a continuous new strand of DNA

A

• Leading strand

193
Q

: The new stand is put together in short pieces called Okazaki fragments

A

• Lagging strand

194
Q

• Proteins release the replication complex

A

Termination

195
Q

Replication is already finished

A

Termination

196
Q

Steps of DNA replication

A
  1. Process of unwinding and unzipping
  2. Single strand binding proteins
  3. Primase
  4. DNA polymerase
  5. RNA primase
  6. DNA Ligase
197
Q
  • uses helicase enzyme to unwind and unzip the DNA structure
A
  1. Process of unwinding and unzipping
198
Q
  • bind to DNA strands to prevent reannealing of single strands
A
  1. Single strand binding proteins
199
Q
  • creates RNA primers on both strands
A
  1. Primase
200
Q
  • primers will give the DNA polymerase a point to start
A
  1. Primase
201
Q
  • responsible for adding nucleotide bases
A
  1. DNA polymerase
202
Q
  • only works on a 5’ to 3’ process
A
  1. DNA polymerase
203
Q
  • will make extra primers down the lagging strand
A
  1. RNA primase
204
Q
  • contains fragments of DNA known as “okazaki fragments”
A
  • lagging strand
205
Q
  • will take care or connect the gaps on the “okazaki fragment”
A
  1. DNA Ligase
206
Q

By the helicase; stabilized by topoisomerase

A

Process of unwinding and unzipping

207
Q

To prevent other proteins from attaching to the single stranded DNA once separated

A

Single strand binding proteins

208
Q

To prevent from creating a secondary structure

A

Single strand binding proteins

209
Q

replicated simultaneously

A

Anti parallel strands

210
Q

• Leading strand synthesis continuously in

A

5’–3’

211
Q

• Lagging strand synthesis in fragments in

A

3’-5’

Molecular Biology Lec (13 decks)

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