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Molecular Biology Lec > LESSON 5 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS > Flashcards

LESSON 5 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Flashcards

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1
Q

Different from protein synthesis

A

DNA REPLICATION

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2
Q

DNA copies itself on the process of conserving it

A

DNA REPLICATION

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3
Q

Replication fork (two strands) is separated by helicase

A

DNA REPLICATION

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4
Q

Helicase and isomerase – enzymes absent in PCR

A

DNA REPLICATION

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5
Q

photocopy/replication of DNA outside the body (in vitro)

A

PCR

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6
Q

Principle is based on the process of DNA replication

A

PCR

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7
Q

Number of copies can be as high as 10^9

A

PCR

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8
Q

DNA polymerase from humans: happens at 37oC

A

DNA REPLICATION

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9
Q

Taq polymerase from thermophilus bacteria: can withstand high temperature (varying from 90 to 72 to 55 oC)

A

PCR

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10
Q

Separation of two strands thru helicase

A

DNA REPLICATION

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11
Q

Separation of two strands thru heat at 90oC (denaturation)

A

PCR

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12
Q

Primers are made in the body

A

DNA REPLICATION

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13
Q

Primers are commercially available

A

PCR

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14
Q

DNA template is produced by the body

A

DNA REPLICATION

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15
Q

DNA template is extracted (ex. RNA from covid is converted to cDNA)

A

PCR

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16
Q

Makes similar copies of the same DNA called

A

DNA template

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17
Q

– construction worker of daughter strands; builds and adds nucleotides

A

Uses DNA polymerase or Taq polymerase)

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18
Q

– acts as bookmarks, markers, or flags to tell which one to copy

A

Primers

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19
Q

can be reagents made at manufacturing

A

Primers

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20
Q

used for cutting or copying DNA parts

A

Primers

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21
Q

Place for DNA polymerase to attach to DNA strand Feature in humans

A

RNA primers

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22
Q

Place for DNA polymerase to attach to DNA strand Feature in PCR

A

DNA primers

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23
Q

Separates the two strands of DNA Feature in humans

A

Helicase

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24
Q

Separates the two strands of DNA Feature in PCR

A

Heat

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25
Q

Name of enzyme that elongates new strand of DNA Feature in humans

A

DNA polymerase

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26
Q

Name of enzyme that elongates new strand of DNA Feature in PCR

A

Taq or other thermophillic DNA polymerase

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27
Q

What the primers are made out of (DNA or RNA?) Feature in humans

A

RNA

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28
Q

What the primers are made out of (DNA or RNA?) Feature in PCR

A

DNA

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29
Q

Items that are common in both situations that has not been mentioned

A

Feature in humans
Feature in PCR

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30
Q

A method widely used in molecular biology to make many copies of a specific DNA segment

A

DNA REPLICATION

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31
Q

The biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule

A

PCR

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32
Q

An in vitro process, which occur inside a test tube

A

DNA REPLICATION

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33
Q

An in vivo process, which occur inside living cells

A

PCR

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34
Q

Main goal is to produce exponential number of copies of a single DNA fragment

A

DNA REPLICATION

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35
Q

Main goal is to copy the whole genome at once

A

PCR

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36
Q

The target is shorter

A

DNA REPLICATION

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37
Q

The target is longer

A

PCR

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38
Q

A discontinuous process, which proceeds through 30-40 cycles

A

DNA REPLICATION

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39
Q

A continuous process

A

PCR

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40
Q

DNA duplex is opened up by the enzyme ATP-dependent helicase

A

PCR

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41
Q

Uses DNA primers

A

DNA REPLICATION

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42
Q

Uses RNA primers synthesized by primase

A

PCR

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43
Q

Uses thermophilic DNA polymerase such as Taq DNA

A

DNA REPLICATION

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44
Q

Uses DNA polymerase

A

PCR

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45
Q

Taq polymerase is not featurerich and also, it has no proofreading ability

A

DNA REPLICATION

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46
Q

DNA polymerase is contained high fidelity, speed, proofreading and repair

A

PCR

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47
Q

No replication fork forms

A

DNA REPLICATION

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48
Q

Replication fork forms

A

PCR

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49
Q

Taq polymerase does not contain the 5’ to 3’ exonuclease activity

A

DNA REPLICATION

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50
Q

DNA polymerase has the 5’ to 3’ exonuclease activity to degrade RNA primers

A

PCR

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51
Q

Taq polymerase operates at high temperatures such as 72 °C

A

DNA REPLICATION

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52
Q

DNA polymerase operates at physiological temperature, which is 37 °C

A

PCR

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53
Q

Serves as a simple approach for in vitro DNA synthesis

A

DNA REPLICATION

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54
Q

A complex process, which depends upon a well defined but complex set of enzymes and cofactors

A

PCR

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55
Q

Speed of Synthesis: 1-4 kb/min (faster)

A

DNA REPLICATION

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56
Q

Speed of Synthesis: 1 kb/s

A

PCR

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57
Q

Error Rate: 1 in 9000 bases (less error)

A

DNA REPLICATION

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58
Q

Error Rate: 1 in 100,000 bases

A

PCR

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59
Q

DNA duplex is melted by using heat, which is >90 °C

A

DNA REPLICATION

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60
Q

– template or code and basis; enclosed only in the nucleus

A

DNA

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61
Q

– copying of DNA

A

Transcription

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62
Q
  • copying a portion of DNA
A

Translation

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63
Q

Translation end product is

A

mRNA

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64
Q

: tough and can withstand oxidative stress in the cytoplasm unlike DNA

A

RNA

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65
Q

: can go outside the nucleus unlike DNA

A

mRNA

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66
Q

what has been copied will be translated and interpreted to become an amino acid to protein

A

mRNA

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67
Q

can go to the cytoplasm then to the ribosome (factory)

A

mRNA

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68
Q

: area for translation

A

Ribosome

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69
Q

the cellular process by which DNA is copied to RNA

A

Transcription

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70
Q

occurs in the nucleus

A

Transcription

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71
Q

process by which RNA transcripts are turned into proteins and peptides

A

Translation

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72
Q

occurs in the cell cytoplasm

A

Translation

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73
Q

Transcription Three steps:

A

Initiation: when does it start?
Elongation: how does it extend?
Termination: when does it end?

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74
Q

: when does it start?

A

Initiation

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75
Q

: how does it extend?

A

Elongation

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76
Q

: when does it end?

A

Termination

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77
Q

Begins once the promoter gene sequence is detected by the
transcription factors called TATA box

A

Initiation

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78
Q

transcription factors called

A

TATA box

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79
Q

Has thymine and adenine sequences

A

TATA box

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80
Q

Recruits the transcription factors, mediator proteins,
and RNA polymerase

A

TATA box

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81
Q

: add nucleotides and important forcreating mRNA

A

RNA polymerase

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82
Q

A portion of DNA is already transcripted to be an mRNA

A

Initiation

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83
Q

is a DNA sequence that indicates which specifies to other molecules where transcription begins.

A

TATA box

84
Q

• TATA box + transcription factors (RNA polymerase)=

A

TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION COMPLEX

85
Q

Site where mRNA will be synthesized

A

TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION COMPLEX

86
Q

Aka initiation bubble

A

TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION COMPLEX

87
Q

unwound DNA strand

A

Elongation
RNA polymerase

88
Q

Add the complementary nucleotides to builds the mRNA molecule, using complementary base pairs.

A

Elongation
RNA polymerase

89
Q

Very important for elongation

A

RNA polymerase

90
Q

Building of mRNA to be ready for interpretation as amino acid

A

Elongation

91
Q

C

A

G

92
Q

T

A

A

93
Q

G

A

C

94
Q

A

A

U

95
Q

Two strands of DNA are separated
1) Template strand, 2) Coding strand

A

Elongation

96
Q

: is template used to make mRNA (5’ to 3’ strand) (active in transcription)

A

Template strand (3’ to 5’)

97
Q

: mRNA Like strand except for the Uracil of course (no role in transcription）- fast

A

Coding strand (5’ to 3’)

98
Q

Opposite in replication; requires both lagging strand and
leading strand; only requires template strand

A

elongation

99
Q

The RNA transcript will undergo processing through the addition of a modified guanine nucleotide called 5’ cap or G cap at the 5’ end and 50 - 250 adenine nucleotide called poly-A tail at the 3’ end.

A

Termination

100
Q

RNA polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. The strand is called a [?]

A

pre-mRNA strand

101
Q

pre-mRNA must be processed to a

A

“mature mRNA”

102
Q

Why process pre-mRNA further?
1. Check for [?]
2. Allows the mRNA molecule to be exported to the [?]
3. Additional protection from [?] and gate pass [?]
4. Removes [?]

A

mistakes or errors

ribosomes

photochemical mutations ; G cap & Poly-A tail

introns (non coding regions)

103
Q

Can go out of the nucleus once checked

A

mRNA

104
Q

Poly-A tail: many adenine
5’ guanine nucleotide cap

A

gate pass G cap & Poly-A tail

105
Q

: process of removing introns (light orange)

A

a. spliceosome

106
Q

: hard bound

A

G cap & Poly-A tail

107
Q

: blank pages

A

Introns

108
Q

mRNA leaves the nucleus through its pores and goes to the ribosomes

A

mRNA Transcript

109
Q

mRNA enters the ribosome

A

Translation

110
Q

: pin-like; reads anticodons

A

transfer RNA (tRNA)

111
Q

: 3 consecutive nucleotides

A

codons

112
Q

Decoding of mRNA

A

Translation

113
Q

: instructions in mRNA in groups of 3 nucleotides

A

Codons

114
Q

a. different codons for aminoacids

A

61

115
Q

b.: start codon to begin translation

A

AUG

116
Q

c.: finished polypeptide

A

Stop codons

117
Q

tRNA reads the mRNA from the 5’ to 3’ end

A

Translation

118
Q

tRNA has an anti-codon that binds to matching mRNA through base pairing

A

Translation

119
Q

tRNAs enter slots/ sites in the ribosome and bind to codons

A

Translation

120
Q

: mRNA site

A

small subunit

121
Q

: tRNA site (flashlight-like with anticodons below)

A

large subunit

122
Q

: accepts the incoming aminoacylated tRNA

A
  1. A site (amino-acyl)
123
Q

aka “landing site”

A
  1. A site (amino-acyl)
124
Q

: holds the tRNA which is linked to the growing polypeptide chain

A
  1. P site (peptidyl)
125
Q

: holds the tRNA before it leaves the ribosome

A
  1. E site (exit)
126
Q

very potent antibiotics

A

Azithromycin, Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin

127
Q

principle: stops translation/protein synthesis in bacteria; attacks prokaryotic ribosome

A

Azithromycin, Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin

128
Q

Free ribosomes in prokaryotes

A

PROKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES

129
Q

Large ribosomes that facilitate translation in eukaryotes

A

EUKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES

130
Q

Found inside bacteria and archaea

A

PROKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES

131
Q

Small and mass is 27000 kd

A

PROKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES

132
Q

Sedimentation coefficient is 70S

A

PROKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES

133
Q

Diameter is ~200 A

A

PROKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES

134
Q

Made up of 50S and 30S subunits

A

PROKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES

135
Q

Large subunit is made up of two rRNA molecules: 23S rRNA and 5S rRNA

A

PROKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES

136
Q

Made up of 60% rRNA and 40% ribosomal proteins

A

PROKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES

137
Q

Occur free in the cytoplasm

A

PROKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES

138
Q

Found in animals, plants, fungi, and other unicellular eukaryotes with a nucleus

A

EUKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES

139
Q

Large and mass is 42000 kd

A

EUKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES

140
Q

Sedimentation coefficient is 80S

A

EUKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES

141
Q

Diameter is ~250-300 A

A

EUKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES

142
Q

Made up of 60S and 40S subunits

A

EUKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES

143
Q

Large subunit is made up of three rRNA molecules: 28S rRNA, 5.35 rRNA, & 5S rRNA

A

EUKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES

144
Q

Made up of 40% rRNA and 60% ribosomal proteins

A

EUKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES

145
Q

Most are attached to the outer surface of nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum

A

EUKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES

146
Q

Amikacin

A

Aminoglycosides

147
Q

Dibekacin

A

Aminoglycosides

148
Q

Gentamicin

A

Aminoglycosides

149
Q

Kanamycin

A

Aminoglycosides

150
Q

Neomycins

A

Aminoglycosides

151
Q

Streptomycin

A

Aminoglycosides

152
Q

Tobramycin

A

Aminoglycosides

153
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

Amphenicols

154
Q

Thiamphenicol

A

Amphenicols

155
Q

Azithromycin

A

Macrolides

156
Q

Carbomycin A

A

Macrolides

157
Q

Clarithromycin

A

Macrolides

158
Q

Erythromycin

A

Macrolides

159
Q

Eperezolid

A

Oxazolidinones

160
Q

Linezolid

A

Oxazolidinones

161
Q

Posizolid

A

Oxazolidinones

162
Q

Radezolid

A

Oxazolidinones

163
Q

Sutezolid

A

Oxazolidinones

164
Q

Pristinamycin

A

Streptogramins

165
Q

Quinupristin

A

Streptogramins

166
Q

dalfopristin

A

Streptogramins

167
Q

Virginiamycin

A

Streptogramins

168
Q

Doxycycline

A

Tetracyclines

169
Q

Chlortetracycline

A

Tetracyclines

170
Q

Lymecycline

A

Tetracyclines

171
Q

Meclocycline

A

Tetracyclines

172
Q

Minocycline

A

Tetracyclines

173
Q

Peptide elongation at the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit

A

Aminoglycosides

174
Q

Protein elongation by overlapping with the binding site at the A-site of 50S ribosomal subunit

A

Amphenicols

175
Q

Peptide-bond formation and ribosomal translocation

A

Macrolides

176
Q

Peptide-bond formation by blocking tRNA binding at the A-site of 50S ribosome

A

Oxazolidinones

177
Q

Protein elongation at the A- and P-sites of 50S ribosome

A

Streptogramins

178
Q

Polypeptide synthesis by sterically blocking the recruitment of the aminoacyl-tRNA at the A-site of the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit

A

Tetracyclines

179
Q

Kidney injury

A

Aminoglycosides

180
Q

vestibular

A

Aminoglycosides

181
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

Amphenicols

182
Q

bone marrow suppression

A

Amphenicols

183
Q

neurotoxicity

A

Amphenicols

184
Q

Myopathy

A

Macrolides

185
Q

QT prolongation nausea

A

Macrolides

186
Q

Nausea

A

Oxazolidinones
Streptogramins

187
Q

bone marrow suppression

A

Oxazolidinones

188
Q

lactic acidosis

A

Oxazolidinones

189
Q

myalgia

A

Streptogramins

190
Q

arthralgia

A

Streptogramins

191
Q

Phototoxicity

A

Tetracyclines

192
Q

secondary intracranial hypertension

A

Tetracyclines

193
Q

teeth discoloration, steatosis

A

Tetracyclines

194
Q

liver toxicity

A

Tetracyclines

195
Q

TAC

TRANSCRIPTION (mRNA):
TRANSLATION (tRNA):
Amino acid:

A

AUG
UAC
MET

196
Q

TGA

TRANSCRIPTION (mRNA):
TRANSLATION (tRNA):
Amino acid:

A

ACU
UGA
THR

197
Q

TCG

TRANSCRIPTION (mRNA):
TRANSLATION (tRNA):
Amino acid:

A

AGC
UCG
SER

198
Q

ACC

TRANSCRIPTION (mRNA):
TRANSLATION (tRNA):
Amino acid:

A

UGG
ACC
TRP

199
Q

TTC

TRANSCRIPTION (mRNA):
TRANSLATION (tRNA):
Amino acid:

A

AAG
UUC
LYS

200
Q

GAT]

TRANSCRIPTION (mRNA):
TRANSLATION (tRNA):
Amino acid:

A

CUA
GAU
LEU

201
Q

TAG

TRANSCRIPTION (mRNA):
TRANSLATION (tRNA):
Amino acid:

A

AUC
UAG
ILE

202
Q

ATG

TRANSCRIPTION (mRNA):
TRANSLATION (tRNA):
Amino acid:

A

UAC
AUG
TYR

203
Q

AGG

TRANSCRIPTION (mRNA):
TRANSLATION (tRNA):
Amino acid:

A
204
Q

CGT

TRANSCRIPTION (mRNA):
TRANSLATION (tRNA):
Amino acid:

A
205
Q

CTG

TRANSCRIPTION (mRNA):
TRANSLATION (tRNA):
Amino acid:

A
206
Q

AAG

TRANSCRIPTION (mRNA):
TRANSLATION (tRNA):
Amino acid:

A

Molecular Biology Lec (13 decks)

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