Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Molecular Biology Lec > Lesson 1 APPLIED MOLECULAR BIOLOGY/GENETICS > Flashcards

Lesson 1 APPLIED MOLECULAR BIOLOGY/GENETICS Flashcards

1
Q

in an attempt to develop a vaccine against pneumonia

A

Frederick Griffith

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

he discovered that bacteria could change from being avirulent to virulent

A

Frederick Griffith

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  • smooth colony
A

S cells/ strain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

(encapsulated and virulent)

A

S cells/ strain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pathogenic

A

S cells/ strain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • rough colony
A

R cells/ strain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

(non-encapsulated and avirulent)

A

R cells/ strain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Non-pathogenic

A

R cells/ strain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Griffith called the

A

protein “transforming principle”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Today, what he observed was DNA of the S cells survived the heating process and taken up by the R cells.

A

Frederick Griffith

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The R cells formed now a

A

protective capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  • former name of DNA
A

Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

in their study they showed that the “transforming principle” Griffith discovered was DNA

A

*Oswald T. Avery
*Colin M. MacLeod
*Maclyn McCarty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

DNA was confirmed further through the study of

A

Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

They used bacteriophage (virus) to determine if the genetic material they inject in E.coli is DNA

A

Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Contains all the genetic information on both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The genetic information is transferred from parent to daughter cells by

A

DNA replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The first accurate counting of chromosomes are made.

A

Walther Flemming
Eduard Strasburg
Edouard van Beneden

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cell division is observed.

A

Walther Flemming
Eduard Strasburg
Edouard van Beneden

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Terms chromatin, mitosis, cytoplasm, nucleoplasm, prophase, and metaphase are coined

A

Walther Flemming
Eduard Strasburg
Edouard van Beneden

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

DNA replication is

A

semi-conservative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

That means that when it makes a copy, one half of the old strand is always kept in the new strand

A

semi-conservative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

This helps reduce the number of copy errors

A

semi-conservative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

semi-conservative occurs during interphase specifically [?] of the cell cycle

A

S phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

describes the transfer of genetic information within a cell

A

Central dogma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The process of DNA → RNA is termed

A

transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

is used as a template for ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

One strand of DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) by

A

RNA polymerase II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The process of RNA → Protein is termed

A

translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

A molecule of mRNA is read by ribosomal machinery in the [?], resulting in the production of proteins that perform cellular functions.

A

cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

is the study of biology at a molecular level.

A

Molecular biology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The field overlaps with other areas of

A

biology and chemistry, genetics, microbiology and virology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Understanding the interactions between [?] as well as learning how these interactions are regulated

A

DNA, RNA and protein biosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Applying in diagnosis the process of [?] of the genetic material

A

replication, transcription and translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Integration of the concepts in molecular biology with clinical laboratory techniques.

A

DIAGNOSTIC MOLECULAR BIOLOGY / MOLECULAR BIOTECHNOLOGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The completion of the [?] has opened a myriad of opportunities to create new medicines and treatments

A

human genome project (1990-2003)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The vaccine spurs healthy cells to produce [?] that potent immune response

A

viral proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

They described the basic structure of DNA double helix (spiral) shaped with its sugar phosphate backbone on the outside and its bases on inside; the two strand of helix run in opposite direction and are antiparallel to each other stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the bases (glue)

A

*James Watson *Francis Crick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Double helix can be denatured to single-stranded DNA through exposure to heat (?) or chemicals, and then renatured through cooling (?) or removal of chemical denaturants to allow the DNA strands to renature or anneal

A

94-98°C

54-55°C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Laboratory technique used to make millions of copies of a particular region of DNA.

A

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The type of gene the researcher is interested in may be a genetic marker used by forensic scientists to match crime scene DNA with suspects.

A

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

DNA amplified by PCR may be sent for sequencing, visualized by gel electrophoresis, or cloned into a plasmid for further experiments.

A

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

invented the PCR in 1985

A

Kary Mullis

44
Q

Used in medical research and forensie science

45
Q

: use an enzyme which converts RNA to DNA

A

Reverse Transcription (RT)

46
Q

: common fechnique for repeatedly amplifying/ copying a specific segment of DNA to crease enough copies for a signal to be detected

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

47
Q

: the amount of light produced by the DNA copies will be counted

A

Real time or quantitative (rt or q)

48
Q

discovered Thermus aquaticus bacteria found in Yellow stone National park

A

Thomas Brock

49
Q

Its DNA polymerase is very heat-stable and because ideal for PCR.

A

Taq Polymerase

50
Q

As we’ll see, high temperature is used repeatedly in PCR to denature the template DNA, or separate its strands.

A

Taq Polymerase

51
Q

COVID-19 Real Time PCR Kit
Detect the presence of 2 genes in the virus:

A

ORFlab and N gene

52
Q

The signals can be amplified and detected based on the designed Taqman probes of the target genes during the amplification process

A

COVID-19 Real Time PCR Kit

53
Q

Infested by “corn borers” or worm-eating corn

54
Q

resistant to “corn borers”

A

BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) corn

55
Q

Genetic engineered - cyrstal gene/corn

A

BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) corn

56
Q

Corn borer’s gut is poisoned

A

BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) corn

57
Q

Uses less pesticides

A

BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) corn

58
Q

Better or good for the environment

A

BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) corn

59
Q

No side effects

A

BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) corn

60
Q

attacks bacterial cells

A

bacteriophage

61
Q

Injects their viral dna or rna to a bacterial cell, then it multiplies inside the bacterial cell

A

bacteriophage

62
Q

bacterial cell become the host cell

A

bacteriophage

63
Q

Two groups of bacteriophage

A

Protein

DNA

64
Q
  • bacteriophage exposed in “Sulfur-35 radioactive label”, which lights up inside the cell
65
Q
  • bacteriophage exposed in “Phosphorus-32 radioactive label”, which lights up inside the cell
66
Q

Bacterial cell -

67
Q

is condensed in the nucleus, but some are found in the mitochondria

68
Q
  • double spiral structure; Long
A

Double helix

69
Q

Coiling of DNA produces - [?]

A

nucleosome - chromatin - chromosome

70
Q
  • condensed or organized form of DNA
A

chromosome

71
Q

Contains all genetic information (genes: 50% from mother, 50% from father)

72
Q

DNA copies itself

A

DNA replication

73
Q
  • way of copying DNA outside the body
74
Q

Virus Structure and Classification

A

Prokaryotes

75
Q

Covid19 –

A

RNA; enveloped virus

76
Q

Can be killed thru hand-washing

77
Q

Soap/alcohol can breakdown the lipid-covering

78
Q

DNA:

A

Herpes, Hepadna, Hepa, Pox, Papova, Adeno, Parvo

79
Q

RNA:

A

Paramyxo, Orthomyxo, Rhabdo, Picorna, Retro

80
Q

Pair of chromosomes

A

46 chromosomes (32 pairs)

81
Q

Semiconservative replication
(old strand)
(new strand)

A

Blue

Orange

82
Q

DNA unwinds

83
Q

1 pair for the first daughter cell and another for the second

84
Q

Cell Cyle

A

Mitosis
G1 (growth)
S phase
G2

85
Q

— short portion

86
Q
  • large portion
A

G1 (growth)

87
Q

— DNA replication

88
Q
  • preparation for mitosis
89
Q

Transcription —

90
Q

Translation -

A

cytoplasm (ribosome)

91
Q

– accomplished after 13 years

A

Human Genome Project

92
Q

nitrogen bases in the body

93
Q

genes

94
Q

Each gene contains [?] bases

95
Q

Some nitrogenous bases turned into

A

“junk DNA”

96
Q

[?] are the same; [?] is unique

97
Q

– diagnosed w/ BRACA gene (breast cancer gene); more prone to breast and ovarian cancer

A

Anglina Jolie

98
Q

Made an mRNA from the spike protein from the corona virus

A

Tyler and Moderna vaccine

99
Q

Ribosome produces spike protein, followed by Ab production

A

Tyler and Moderna vaccine

100
Q

Affordable way to diagnose genetic diseases

A

NEWBORN SCREENING

101
Q

5 big drops of blood from a heel puncture

A

NEWBORN SCREENING

102
Q

PARTS OF DNA

A

Sugar phosphate
Nitrogenous bases
Hydrogen bonds

103
Q
  • backbone; ladder-like
A

Sugar phosphate

104
Q
  • staircases
A

Nitrogenous bases

105
Q

– serves as a glue between the two

A

Hydrogen bonds

106
Q

PHASES OF DNA DENATURATION

A

Denaturation, Annealing, Extension

107
Q

Overview of the PCR test

A
  1. Sample collection (Storage: 2-8oC) – most common; placed in a VTM (viral transport medium)
  2. Specimen inactivation: lysis and viral RNA extraction
  3. Reagent mix preparation
  4. RT: RNA to cDNA
  5. Amplification: Thermal cycler/Thermocycler
  6. Detection

Molecular Biology Lec (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions