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Molecular Biology Lec > Lesson 1 APPLIED MOLECULAR BIOLOGY/GENETICS > Flashcards

Lesson 1 APPLIED MOLECULAR BIOLOGY/GENETICS Flashcards

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1
Q

in an attempt to develop a vaccine against pneumonia

A

Frederick Griffith

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2
Q

he discovered that bacteria could change from being avirulent to virulent

A

Frederick Griffith

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3
Q
  • smooth colony
A

S cells/ strain

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4
Q

(encapsulated and virulent)

A

S cells/ strain

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5
Q

Pathogenic

A

S cells/ strain

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6
Q
  • rough colony
A

R cells/ strain

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7
Q

(non-encapsulated and avirulent)

A

R cells/ strain

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8
Q

Non-pathogenic

A

R cells/ strain

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9
Q

Griffith called the

A

protein “transforming principle”

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10
Q

Today, what he observed was DNA of the S cells survived the heating process and taken up by the R cells.

A

Frederick Griffith

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11
Q

The R cells formed now a

A

protective capsule

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12
Q
  • former name of DNA
A

Protein

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13
Q

in their study they showed that the “transforming principle” Griffith discovered was DNA

A

*Oswald T. Avery
*Colin M. MacLeod
*Maclyn McCarty

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14
Q

DNA was confirmed further through the study of

A

Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey.

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15
Q

They used bacteriophage (virus) to determine if the genetic material they inject in E.coli is DNA

A

Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey.

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16
Q

Contains all the genetic information on both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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17
Q

The genetic information is transferred from parent to daughter cells by

A

DNA replication

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18
Q

The first accurate counting of chromosomes are made.

A

Walther Flemming
Eduard Strasburg
Edouard van Beneden

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19
Q

Cell division is observed.

A

Walther Flemming
Eduard Strasburg
Edouard van Beneden

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20
Q

Terms chromatin, mitosis, cytoplasm, nucleoplasm, prophase, and metaphase are coined

A

Walther Flemming
Eduard Strasburg
Edouard van Beneden

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21
Q

DNA replication is

A

semi-conservative

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22
Q

That means that when it makes a copy, one half of the old strand is always kept in the new strand

A

semi-conservative

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23
Q

This helps reduce the number of copy errors

A

semi-conservative

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24
Q

semi-conservative occurs during interphase specifically [?] of the cell cycle

A

S phase

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25
Q

describes the transfer of genetic information within a cell

A

Central dogma

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26
Q

The process of DNA → RNA is termed

A

transcription

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27
Q

is used as a template for ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis

A

DNA

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28
Q

One strand of DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) by

A

RNA polymerase II

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29
Q

The process of RNA → Protein is termed

A

translation

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30
Q

A molecule of mRNA is read by ribosomal machinery in the [?], resulting in the production of proteins that perform cellular functions.

A

cytoplasm

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31
Q

is the study of biology at a molecular level.

A

Molecular biology

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32
Q

The field overlaps with other areas of

A

biology and chemistry, genetics, microbiology and virology

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33
Q

Understanding the interactions between [?] as well as learning how these interactions are regulated

A

DNA, RNA and protein biosynthesis

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34
Q

Applying in diagnosis the process of [?] of the genetic material

A

replication, transcription and translation

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35
Q

Integration of the concepts in molecular biology with clinical laboratory techniques.

A

DIAGNOSTIC MOLECULAR BIOLOGY / MOLECULAR BIOTECHNOLOGY

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36
Q

The completion of the [?] has opened a myriad of opportunities to create new medicines and treatments

A

human genome project (1990-2003)

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37
Q

The vaccine spurs healthy cells to produce [?] that potent immune response

A

viral proteins

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38
Q

They described the basic structure of DNA double helix (spiral) shaped with its sugar phosphate backbone on the outside and its bases on inside; the two strand of helix run in opposite direction and are antiparallel to each other stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the bases (glue)

A

*James Watson *Francis Crick

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39
Q

Double helix can be denatured to single-stranded DNA through exposure to heat (?) or chemicals, and then renatured through cooling (?) or removal of chemical denaturants to allow the DNA strands to renature or anneal

A

94-98°C

54-55°C

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40
Q

Laboratory technique used to make millions of copies of a particular region of DNA.

A

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

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41
Q

The type of gene the researcher is interested in may be a genetic marker used by forensic scientists to match crime scene DNA with suspects.

A

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

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42
Q

DNA amplified by PCR may be sent for sequencing, visualized by gel electrophoresis, or cloned into a plasmid for further experiments.

A

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

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43
Q

invented the PCR in 1985

A

Kary Mullis

44
Q

Used in medical research and forensie science

A

PCR

45
Q

: use an enzyme which converts RNA to DNA

A

Reverse Transcription (RT)

46
Q

: common fechnique for repeatedly amplifying/ copying a specific segment of DNA to crease enough copies for a signal to be detected

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

47
Q

: the amount of light produced by the DNA copies will be counted

A

Real time or quantitative (rt or q)

48
Q

discovered Thermus aquaticus bacteria found in Yellow stone National park

A

Thomas Brock

49
Q

Its DNA polymerase is very heat-stable and because ideal for PCR.

A

Taq Polymerase

50
Q

As we’ll see, high temperature is used repeatedly in PCR to denature the template DNA, or separate its strands.

A

Taq Polymerase

51
Q

COVID-19 Real Time PCR Kit
Detect the presence of 2 genes in the virus:

A

ORFlab and N gene

52
Q

The signals can be amplified and detected based on the designed Taqman probes of the target genes during the amplification process

A

COVID-19 Real Time PCR Kit

53
Q

Infested by “corn borers” or worm-eating corn

A

BT-corn

54
Q

resistant to “corn borers”

A

BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) corn

55
Q

Genetic engineered - cyrstal gene/corn

A

BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) corn

56
Q

Corn borer’s gut is poisoned

A

BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) corn

57
Q

Uses less pesticides

A

BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) corn

58
Q

Better or good for the environment

A

BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) corn

59
Q

No side effects

A

BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) corn

60
Q

attacks bacterial cells

A

bacteriophage

61
Q

Injects their viral dna or rna to a bacterial cell, then it multiplies inside the bacterial cell

A

bacteriophage

62
Q

bacterial cell become the host cell

A

bacteriophage

63
Q

Two groups of bacteriophage

A

Protein

DNA

64
Q
  • bacteriophage exposed in “Sulfur-35 radioactive label”, which lights up inside the cell
A

Protein

65
Q
  • bacteriophage exposed in “Phosphorus-32 radioactive label”, which lights up inside the cell
A

DNA

66
Q

Bacterial cell -

A

E. Coli

67
Q

is condensed in the nucleus, but some are found in the mitochondria

A

DNA

68
Q
  • double spiral structure; Long
A

Double helix

69
Q

Coiling of DNA produces - [?]

A

nucleosome - chromatin - chromosome

70
Q
  • condensed or organized form of DNA
A

chromosome

71
Q

Contains all genetic information (genes: 50% from mother, 50% from father)

A

DNA

72
Q

DNA copies itself

A

DNA replication

73
Q
  • way of copying DNA outside the body
A

PCR

74
Q

Virus Structure and Classification

A

Prokaryotes

75
Q

Covid19 –

A

RNA; enveloped virus

76
Q

Can be killed thru hand-washing

A

DNA

77
Q

Soap/alcohol can breakdown the lipid-covering

A

DNA

78
Q

DNA:

A

Herpes, Hepadna, Hepa, Pox, Papova, Adeno, Parvo

79
Q

RNA:

A

Paramyxo, Orthomyxo, Rhabdo, Picorna, Retro

80
Q

Pair of chromosomes

A

46 chromosomes (32 pairs)

81
Q

Semiconservative replication
(old strand)
(new strand)

A

Blue

Orange

82
Q

DNA unwinds

A
83
Q

1 pair for the first daughter cell and another for the second

A
84
Q

Cell Cyle

A

Mitosis
G1 (growth)
S phase
G2

85
Q

— short portion

A

Mitosis

86
Q
  • large portion
A

G1 (growth)

87
Q

— DNA replication

A

S phase

88
Q
  • preparation for mitosis
A

G2

89
Q

Transcription —

A

nucleus

90
Q

Translation -

A

cytoplasm (ribosome)

91
Q

– accomplished after 13 years

A

Human Genome Project

92
Q

nitrogen bases in the body

A

3 B

93
Q

genes

A

20-25,000

94
Q

Each gene contains [?] bases

A

3,000

95
Q

Some nitrogenous bases turned into

A

“junk DNA”

96
Q

[?] are the same; [?] is unique

A

99.9%

1%

97
Q

– diagnosed w/ BRACA gene (breast cancer gene); more prone to breast and ovarian cancer

A

Anglina Jolie

98
Q

Made an mRNA from the spike protein from the corona virus

A

Tyler and Moderna vaccine

99
Q

Ribosome produces spike protein, followed by Ab production

A

Tyler and Moderna vaccine

100
Q

Affordable way to diagnose genetic diseases

A

NEWBORN SCREENING

101
Q

5 big drops of blood from a heel puncture

A

NEWBORN SCREENING

102
Q

PARTS OF DNA

A

Sugar phosphate
Nitrogenous bases
Hydrogen bonds

103
Q
  • backbone; ladder-like
A

Sugar phosphate

104
Q
  • staircases
A

Nitrogenous bases

105
Q

– serves as a glue between the two

A

Hydrogen bonds

106
Q

PHASES OF DNA DENATURATION

A

Denaturation, Annealing, Extension

107
Q

Overview of the PCR test

A
  1. Sample collection (Storage: 2-8oC) – most common; placed in a VTM (viral transport medium)
  2. Specimen inactivation: lysis and viral RNA extraction
  3. Reagent mix preparation
  4. RT: RNA to cDNA
  5. Amplification: Thermal cycler/Thermocycler
  6. Detection

Molecular Biology Lec (13 decks)

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