Lesson 1 APPLIED MOLECULAR BIOLOGY/GENETICS Flashcards
1
Q
in an attempt to develop a vaccine against pneumonia
A
Frederick Griffith
2
Q
he discovered that bacteria could change from being avirulent to virulent
A
Frederick Griffith
3
Q
- smooth colony
A
S cells/ strain
4
Q
(encapsulated and virulent)
A
S cells/ strain
5
Q
Pathogenic
A
S cells/ strain
6
Q
- rough colony
A
R cells/ strain
7
Q
(non-encapsulated and avirulent)
A
R cells/ strain
8
Q
Non-pathogenic
A
R cells/ strain
9
Q
Griffith called the
A
protein “transforming principle”
10
Q
Today, what he observed was DNA of the S cells survived the heating process and taken up by the R cells.
A
Frederick Griffith
11
Q
The R cells formed now a
A
protective capsule
12
Q
- former name of DNA
A
Protein
13
Q
in their study they showed that the “transforming principle” Griffith discovered was DNA
A
*Oswald T. Avery
*Colin M. MacLeod
*Maclyn McCarty
14
Q
DNA was confirmed further through the study of
A
Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey.
15
Q
They used bacteriophage (virus) to determine if the genetic material they inject in E.coli is DNA
A
Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey.
16
Q
Contains all the genetic information on both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
A
Deoxyribonucleic acid
17
Q
The genetic information is transferred from parent to daughter cells by
A
DNA replication
18
Q
The first accurate counting of chromosomes are made.
A
Walther Flemming
Eduard Strasburg
Edouard van Beneden
19
Q
Cell division is observed.
A
Walther Flemming
Eduard Strasburg
Edouard van Beneden
20
Q
Terms chromatin, mitosis, cytoplasm, nucleoplasm, prophase, and metaphase are coined
A
Walther Flemming
Eduard Strasburg
Edouard van Beneden
21
Q
DNA replication is
A
semi-conservative
22
Q
That means that when it makes a copy, one half of the old strand is always kept in the new strand
A
semi-conservative
23
Q
This helps reduce the number of copy errors
A
semi-conservative
24
Q
semi-conservative occurs during interphase specifically [?] of the cell cycle
A
S phase
25
describes the transfer of genetic information within a cell
Central dogma
26
The process of DNA → RNA is termed
transcription
27
is used as a template for ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis
DNA
28
One strand of DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) by
RNA polymerase II
29
The process of RNA → Protein is termed
translation
30
A molecule of mRNA is read by ribosomal machinery in the [?], resulting in the production of proteins that perform cellular functions.
cytoplasm
31
is the study of biology at a molecular level.
Molecular biology
32
The field overlaps with other areas of
biology and chemistry, genetics, microbiology and virology
33
Understanding the interactions between [?] as well as learning how these interactions are regulated
DNA, RNA and protein biosynthesis
34
Applying in diagnosis the process of [?] of the genetic material
replication, transcription and translation
35
Integration of the concepts in molecular biology with clinical laboratory techniques.
DIAGNOSTIC MOLECULAR BIOLOGY / MOLECULAR BIOTECHNOLOGY
36
The completion of the [?] has opened a myriad of opportunities to create new medicines and treatments
human genome project (1990-2003)
37
The vaccine spurs healthy cells to produce [?] that potent immune response
viral proteins
38
They described the basic structure of DNA double helix (spiral) shaped with its sugar phosphate backbone on the outside and its bases on inside; the two strand of helix run in opposite direction and are antiparallel to each other stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the bases (glue)
*James Watson *Francis Crick
39
Double helix can be denatured to single-stranded DNA through exposure to heat (?) or chemicals, and then renatured through cooling (?) or removal of chemical denaturants to allow the DNA strands to renature or anneal
94-98°C
54-55°C
40
Laboratory technique used to make millions of copies of a particular region of DNA.
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
41
The type of gene the researcher is interested in may be a genetic marker used by forensic scientists to match crime scene DNA with suspects.
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
42
DNA amplified by PCR may be sent for sequencing, visualized by gel electrophoresis, or cloned into a plasmid for further experiments.
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
43
invented the PCR in 1985
Kary Mullis
44
Used in medical research and forensie science
PCR
45
: use an enzyme which converts RNA to DNA
Reverse Transcription (RT)
46
: common fechnique for repeatedly amplifying/ copying a specific segment of DNA to crease enough copies for a signal to be detected
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
47
: the amount of light produced by the DNA copies will be counted
Real time or quantitative (rt or q)
48
discovered Thermus aquaticus bacteria found in Yellow stone National park
Thomas Brock
49
Its DNA polymerase is very heat-stable and because ideal for PCR.
Taq Polymerase
50
As we'll see, high temperature is used repeatedly in PCR to denature the template DNA, or separate its strands.
Taq Polymerase
51
COVID-19 Real Time PCR Kit
Detect the presence of 2 genes in the virus:
ORFlab and N gene
52
The signals can be amplified and detected based on the designed Taqman probes of the target genes during the amplification process
COVID-19 Real Time PCR Kit
53
Infested by “corn borers” or worm-eating corn
BT-corn
54
resistant to “corn borers”
BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) corn
55
Genetic engineered - cyrstal gene/corn
BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) corn
56
Corn borer’s gut is poisoned
BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) corn
57
Uses less pesticides
BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) corn
58
Better or good for the environment
BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) corn
59
No side effects
BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) corn
60
attacks bacterial cells
bacteriophage
61
Injects their viral dna or rna to a bacterial cell, then it multiplies inside the bacterial cell
bacteriophage
62
bacterial cell become the host cell
bacteriophage
63
Two groups of bacteriophage
Protein
DNA
64
- bacteriophage exposed in “Sulfur-35 radioactive label”, which lights up inside the cell
Protein
65
- bacteriophage exposed in “Phosphorus-32 radioactive label”, which lights up inside the cell
DNA
66
Bacterial cell -
E. Coli
67
is condensed in the nucleus, but some are found in the mitochondria
DNA
68
- double spiral structure; Long
Double helix
69
Coiling of DNA produces - [?]
nucleosome - chromatin - chromosome
70
- condensed or organized form of DNA
chromosome
71
Contains all genetic information (genes: 50% from mother, 50% from father)
DNA
72
DNA copies itself
DNA replication
73
- way of copying DNA outside the body
PCR
74
Virus Structure and Classification
Prokaryotes
75
Covid19 –
RNA; enveloped virus
76
Can be killed thru hand-washing
DNA
77
Soap/alcohol can breakdown the lipid-covering
DNA
78
DNA:
Herpes, Hepadna, Hepa, Pox, Papova, Adeno, Parvo
79
RNA:
Paramyxo, Orthomyxo, Rhabdo, Picorna, Retro
80
Pair of chromosomes
46 chromosomes (32 pairs)
81
Semiconservative replication
(old strand)
(new strand)
Blue
Orange
82
DNA unwinds
83
1 pair for the first daughter cell and another for the second
84
Cell Cyle
Mitosis
G1 (growth)
S phase
G2
85
— short portion
Mitosis
86
- large portion
G1 (growth)
87
— DNA replication
S phase
88
- preparation for mitosis
G2
89
Transcription —
nucleus
90
Translation -
cytoplasm (ribosome)
91
– accomplished after 13 years
Human Genome Project
92
nitrogen bases in the body
3 B
93
genes
20-25,000
94
Each gene contains [?] bases
3,000
95
Some nitrogenous bases turned into
“junk DNA”
96
[?] are the same; [?] is unique
99.9%
1%
97
– diagnosed w/ BRACA gene (breast cancer gene); more prone to breast and ovarian cancer
Anglina Jolie
98
Made an mRNA from the spike protein from the corona virus
Tyler and Moderna vaccine
99
Ribosome produces spike protein, followed by Ab production
Tyler and Moderna vaccine
100
Affordable way to diagnose genetic diseases
NEWBORN SCREENING
101
5 big drops of blood from a heel puncture
NEWBORN SCREENING
102
PARTS OF DNA
Sugar phosphate
Nitrogenous bases
Hydrogen bonds
103
- backbone; ladder-like
Sugar phosphate
104
- staircases
Nitrogenous bases
105
– serves as a glue between the two
Hydrogen bonds
106
PHASES OF DNA DENATURATION
Denaturation, Annealing, Extension
107
Overview of the PCR test
1. Sample collection (Storage: 2-8oC) – most common; placed in a VTM (viral transport medium)
2. Specimen inactivation: lysis and viral RNA extraction
3. Reagent mix preparation
4. RT: RNA to cDNA
5. Amplification: Thermal cycler/Thermocycler
6. Detection
