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Microbiology > Lesson 7-9 > Flashcards

Lesson 7-9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The size of most bacteria ranges from

A

0.2 μm (micrometer) to 2.0 μm
in diameter and from 2.0 μm to 8.0 μm.

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2
Q

usually round but can either be oval,
elongated, spherical or elliptical shape

A

Cocci

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3
Q

: represented by single, discrete round cell.

A

Monococcus

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4
Q

divides but the cells remain
attached to each other.

A

Diplococcus

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5
Q

c. : here the cells divide repeatedly in one plane to form chain
of cells.

A

Streptococcus

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6
Q

: this consists of four round cells, which divide in two planes at
right angles to one another and remain in group of four.
e.

A

Tetracoccus

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7
Q

: here the cells divided into three planes forming a

A

Staphylococcus

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8
Q

structured like bunches of grapes giving and irregular configuration.

A
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9
Q

these cells divide in three planes but they form a cube like
configuration consisting of eight or sixteen cells but they have a regular
shape.

A

Sarcina

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10
Q

these are rod shaped or cylindrical bacteria which either remain singly or
in pairs.

A

Bacilli

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11
Q

appear in pairs after cell division

A

Diplobacilli

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12
Q

occurs in chain after cell division

A

Streptobacilli

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13
Q

: oval shaped similar to cocci

A

Coccobacilli

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14
Q

: curved, comma shaped bacteria and represented by a single genus.

A

Vibro

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15
Q

: spiral or spring like with multiple curvature and terminal flagella with
fairly rigid bodies.

A

Spirilla

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16
Q

: helical and flexible which move by means of axial filaments
resembling flagella but contained within an external sheath

A

Spirochete

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17
Q

are viscous substances that surrounds the cell
composed of polysaccharide, polypeptide or both.

A

Glycocalyx

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18
Q

Glycocalyx is composed of what?

A

Polysaccharide or polypeptides or both

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19
Q

Function of glycocalyx

A

-enables bacteria
to survive by attaching to surfaces
-bacterial source of energy
when supply is low
-protection to hosts cell by attaching to surface hence
preventing the movements of nutrients out of cell during dehydration

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20
Q

attaches to
the surface of the teeth and cause dental carries,

A

Streptococcus mutants

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21
Q

Two form of glycocalyx

A

Capsule form
Slime layer form

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22
Q

the substance is organized, is firmly attached to
the cell wall, and clinically contributes to the virulence (ability to cause disease) of
bacteria due to its capacity to evade phagocytosis by hosts cells

A

Capsule form

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23
Q

he substance in unorganized and is loosely attached to the cell wall

A

Slime layer form

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24
Q

are long filamentous appendages
that propel bacteria

A

Flagella

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25
Q

Three basic parts of flagella

A

Filament
Hook
Basal body

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26
Q

long outermost part that
contains flagellin arranged in helix,

A

Filament

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27
Q

where filament is attached to, and (3)

A

hook

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28
Q

anchors the flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane.

A

basal body

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29
Q

The
flagella move by rotating from the basal body either in ?

A

clockwise or
counterclockwise direction

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30
Q

bacterium moves in one
direction

A

run or swim

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31
Q

: periodic abrupt or random interruptions to run or swim

A

tumbles

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32
Q

: rapid wavelike movement

A

swarm

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33
Q

also called endoflagella present in Spirochetes like Borrelia
burgdorferi that causes Lyme disease

A

Axial filament

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34
Q

: is a type of a protein called pilin. It is a numerous hair like appendages
that surrounds the bacterium and helps to attach to hosts surfaces.

A

Fimbriae

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35
Q

: is another type of the protein pilin but is only presented in one or two per
bacterium. It also helps bacterial cell to prepare DNA transfer from one cell to
another

A

Pili

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36
Q

s a semi rigid structure protects the interior of the cell
from the outside environment.

A

The bacteria cell wall

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37
Q

Function of cell wall

A

-prevent ruptured of the cell
-maintain shape of the cell
-anchors flagella
-contribute to the virulence of the bacteria
-site of action of some antibiotics
-the chemical composition
of cell is used to differentiate types of bacteria.

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38
Q

The bacterial cell wall is primarily composed of network of
what?
It also called murein

A

peptidoglycan

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39
Q

have multiple layers of peptidoglycan in its cell wall for a thick
rigid structure

A

Gram positive bacteria

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40
Q

provide the antigenic capacity of
the bacteria making it possible to identify it upon laboratory tests.

A

Teichoic acids

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41
Q

has a thin layer of peptidoglycan
making it very susceptible to mechanical breakage or environmental degradation

A

Gram negative bacteria

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42
Q

Gram negative bacteria cell wall (outer portion) is composed of ?

A

lipopolysaccharide (LPS, also called
endotoxin), lipoproteins
phospholipids.

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43
Q

provides
antigenic capacity of the bacteria,
and
(2) causes physiological effects when
present in the bloodstream (toxicity, fever, sepsis, shock, or death).

A

Lipopolysaccharide or endotoxin

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44
Q

prevents reaction to Gram stains

A

Mycolic acids

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45
Q

Bacteria that composed of higher Mycolic acids can be stain with what?

A

Carbolfuchsin

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46
Q

lipopolysaccharide, lipoproteins and phospholipids. Functions

A

evades
phagocytosis and cell lysis,
(2) barrier to antibiotics and other enzymes, and (3)
passage of molecules thru porin channels.

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47
Q

lipopolysaccharide, lipoproteins and phospholipids. Functions

A

evades
phagocytosis and cell lysis,
(2) barrier to antibiotics and other enzymes, and (3)
passage of molecules thru porin channels.

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48
Q

resist removal with acid alcohol thus called

A

acid-fast bacteria.

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49
Q

having no cell wall or with very little wall material.

A

Atypical cell walls

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50
Q

Some chemicals like this can cause damage, or interfere with the
synthesis of cell walls by cell lysis.

A

lysozyme

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51
Q

Function of plasma membrane

A

entry/exit of substances in cell by selective permeability,
(2)
protect and lubricate the cell,
(3) cell-to-cell interactions
(4) breakdown of
nutrients and energy production

52
Q

The movement of materials/substances across the membrane

A

Passive process
Active process

53
Q

movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration

A

Simple diffusion

54
Q

same with simple diffusion but substances are transported
across the membrane via transporter

A

Facilitated diffusion

55
Q

: movement of a solvent
molecule (water) from high concentration to low concentration via a selectively
permeable membrane

A

Osmosis

56
Q

: the cell
uses energy to transport a substance from lower to higher concentration without
altering the substance,

A

Active transport

57
Q

: a special type of active that
alters the substance being transported across a membrane.

A

group translocation

58
Q

Cytoplasm is composed mainly of what?

A

Water
Proteins
Carbohydrates or lipids

59
Q

Located in the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell contains double-stranded DNA each for the bacterial chromosome and plasmid

A

Nucleiod

60
Q

Contains the genetic information of the cell

A

Bacteria chromosomes

61
Q

Carry gene associated to antibiotics resistance, toxin production or enzyme synthesis.
Also important in gene manipulation of bacteria

A

Plasmid

62
Q

Ribosomes in bacteria are called what?

A

70S ribosomes

63
Q

used in ATP synthesis

A

metachromatic granules

64
Q

Are iron oxides that acts like magnet to move until attachment site

A

magnetosomes

65
Q

are released when bacterial cell is degraded.
It is capable of resistance to harsh chemicals, extreme environment condition and radiation

A

Endospores

66
Q

resting cell formed internal the cell membrane when a bacterial cell goes into vegetative state or active cell that undergo metabolism

A

Sporulation

67
Q

An endospores can remain dormant for a thousand years and can return to vegetative state by what? It is when endospores coat is triggered either by physical or chemical damage

A

Germination

68
Q

harness the suns light to make food and generate energy without using oxygen.

A

Cyanobacteria

69
Q

Sum of all chemical reaction within a living organism

A

Metabolism

70
Q

an enzyme-regulated chemical
process that releases energy whereby complex organic compounds are breakdown
into simpler ones.

A

Catabolism

71
Q

Catabolism mainly use what to break chemical bonds and produce more energy that they consume

A

Water

72
Q

is an enzyme-regulated chemical process that
requires energy to build complex organic molecules from simpler ones. This reaction
mainly releases water (dehydration synthesis reaction), and consume more energy
that they produce (endergonic).

A

Anabolism

73
Q

provide the building blocks for anabolic reactions and also
supply the energy needed for it in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

A

Catabolic reaction

74
Q

The
formation or breakdown of chemical bonds is made possible by collision of atoms,
ions or molecules that are continuously moving and colliding with one another

A

Collision theory

75
Q

The energy required for a chemical reaction

A

Activation energy

76
Q

Factors that influence enzymatic activity

A

Temperature
pH
substrate
inhibitors

77
Q

[compete with normal substrate for the active site]

A

competitive

78
Q

[interact with another part of the enzyme].

A

non-competitive inhibitor

79
Q

The process
by which non-competitive inhibitors carry out its function wherein inhibitors bind to parts of the enzyme other than
substrate binding site.

A

allosteric or
feedback inhibition

80
Q

are a type of RNA that serving as catalyst acting specifically on
strands of RNA during protein synthesis.

A

Ribozymes

81
Q

is the removal of electron from an atom or molecule in a reaction
that produces energy.

A

Oxidation

82
Q

is gaining one or more electron.

A

Reduction

83
Q

These
two reactions are always coupled, each time a molecule is oxidized
another is simultaneously reduced. Also used by cells in catabolism to extract energy from nutrient molecules

A

Redox reaction

84
Q

ATP is generated when a high energy P
is directly transferred from phosphorylated compound to ADP

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

85
Q

. : electrons are transferred from organic
compound to a series of electron carriers in a system called electron
transport chain.

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

86
Q

: occurs only in photosynthetic cells which contain
chlorophyll (light energy trapping pigments) that can be converted into
ATP in a process involving electron transport chain system.

A

Photophosphorylation

87
Q

Three mechanism of phosphorylation

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Photophosphorylation

88
Q

is the most common carbohydrate energy source used by cells.

A

Glucose

89
Q

is the primary source of cellular energy in most
microorganisms.

A

Oxidation of carbohydrate

90
Q

Two processes of Energy production from glucose

A

cellular
respiration
fermentation,
(both process starts with glycolysis)

91
Q

an ATP-generating process wherein the final electron acceptor
is an inorganic molecule.

A

Cellular respiration

92
Q

generate energy from sugars and other organic molecules such as
amino acids, organic acids, purines and pyrimidines by not requiring oxygen, Krebs cycle or electron transport chain system.

A

Fermentation

93
Q

End product is ethanol

A

Alcohol fermentation

94
Q

End product is lactic acid

A

Lactic acid fermentation

95
Q

are broken down by extracellular enzymes called lipases before it undergoes
oxidation in Kreb’s cycle.

A

fatty acids and glycerol in lipids

96
Q

The
chemical energy produced will then convert carbon dioxide in atmosphere to sugars
in a process called ?.

A

carbon fixation

97
Q

is a life mechanism on earth to
recycle carbon dioxide excreted by other organisms (ex: human) to be used by
plants and other microorganisms.

A

Carbon fixation

98
Q

: uses light energy to generate energy
(photophosphorylation)

A

Light-dependent (light) reactions

99
Q

: breakdown of carbon dioxide into
sugar using energy generated in the first stage (Calvin-Benson cycle)

A

Light-independent (dark) reactions

100
Q

Metabolic pathways that uses the energy generated by processes presented
above

A
  1. Polysaccharide biosynthesis
  2. Lipid biosynthesis
  3. Amino acid and protein biosynthesis
  4. Purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis
101
Q

Cell division begins with what?

A

DNA replication
segregation of nucleiods

102
Q

a Z-ring
composed
mainly
of what?
which is assembled in the
middle of the cell.

A

FtsZ polymers

103
Q

recruits additional proteins
that serve for septum formation
and subsequent separation of the daughter cells

A

z-ring

104
Q

is the time required for a bacterium to give rise to two
daughter cells under optimum conditions.

A

Generation time

105
Q

Microbial concentration can be measured in terms what?

A

Cell concentration
Biomass concentration

106
Q

the number of viable cells per unit volume of culture

A

Cell concentration

107
Q

(dry weight of cells per unit volume of culture).

A

biomass concentration

108
Q

denotes the total number of bacteria in the sample, irrespective
of whether they are living or dead

A

Total count

109
Q

: indicates the number of living or viable bacteria.

A

Viable count

110
Q

series of sequential dilutions used to reduce a dense
culture of cells to a more usable concentration

A

Dilution method

111
Q

(number of
colonies that grow after a suitable incubation time).

A

plating method

112
Q

is a method utilized for industrial and research purpose that
is achieved by using a special device for replenishing nutrients and removing
bacterial population continuously so that bacteria growth is not inhibited due to lack
of nutrients or due to accumulation of toxic bacterial metabolites.

A

Continuous culture

113
Q

Minimum and maximum temperature of most bacteria

A

30 degree Celsius

114
Q

Is when a species grow best

A

Optimum growth

115
Q

pH level that bacteria most grow

A

6.5-7.5

116
Q

when solution outside the cell has higher concentration of solutes than
inside the cell, water is diffused outside of cell and the cell shrinks.

A

Hypertonic environment

117
Q

: when solution outside the cell has lower concentration of
solutes than inside the cell, water is diffused inside of cell and the cell
swells.

A

Hypotonic

118
Q

: when concentrations in two solutions are same, so cell
will neither swells nor shrinks.

A

Isotonic

119
Q

Important for all organic compounds that make up a living cell consist half the dry weight of a typical bacterial cell.
.

A

Carbon

120
Q

helps form the amino group in amino acids

A

Nitrogen

121
Q

used to synthesize sulfur-containing amino acids and vitamins

A

Sulphur

122
Q

: important in synthesis of ATP, nucleic acids and
phospholipids of cell membranes

A

Phosphorous

123
Q

minerals that are minimally required by microbes, and
are also essential in enzymatic reactions

A

Trace elements

124
Q

extremely reactive

A

Singlet oxygen

125
Q

highly unstable, steals electron from
neighboring molecules thereby increasing free radicals

A

Superoxide free radicals:

126
Q

most reactive form of oxygen

A

Hydroxyl radical

127
Q

are essential organic compounds that cannot
be synthesized by an organism thus must be obtained from the
environment.

A

Organic growth factors

Microbiology (11 decks)

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