Laboratory Chapter 1-3 Flashcards
The primary risks that determine levels of containment
Infectivity
Severity of disease
Transmissibility
The nature of the work conduct
is the application of safety precautions that reduce a laboratorian’s risk
of exposure to a potentially infectious microbe and limit contamination of the work
environment and, ultimately, the community
Biosafety
organisms are well-characterized strains of microorganisms
not known to cause disease in healthy human adults
Biosafety level 1
organisms are moderate-risk microorganisms associated with
less serious human diseases whose potential for transmission is limited and a proven
treatment for the disease exists
Biosafety Level 2
organisms are high-risk microorganisms with a true potential
for infection by aerosols and in which the resulting disease may have serious or lethal
consequences.
Biosafety Level 3
is a very important biosafety practice.
Microbiological risk assessment
Risk management process
Identify the hazard and risk
Evaluate the risk
Implement a risk mitigation plan as need
Evaluate effectiveness of control
(no or low individual and community risk): A microorganism that is unlikely
to cause human or animal disease.
.
Risk Group 1
(moderate individual risk, low community risk): A pathogen that can cause
human or animal disease but is unlikely to be a serious hazard to laboratory workers, the
community, livestock or the environment. Laboratory exposures may cause serious
infection, but effective treatment and preventive measures are available and the risk of
spread of infection is limited.
Risk Group 2
(high individual risk, low community risk): A pathogen that usually causes
serious human or animal disease but does not ordinarily spread from one infected
individual to another. Effective treatment and preventive measures are available.
Risk Group 3
(high individual and community risk): A pathogen that usually causes
serious human or animal disease and that can be readily transmitted from one individual to
another, directly or indirectly. Effective treatment and preventive measures are not usually
availab
Risk Group 4
an enclosed, ventilated laboratory workspace for safely working with
materials contaminated with (or potentially contaminated with) pathogens requiring a
defined biosafety level. It is intended to offer protection to the user and environment from
the aerosol hazards arising from the handling of infected and other hazardous biological
material. So
Biosafety cabinet
o heat or boil solution in laboratory
Bunsen burner
used to inoculate test
samples into culture media for bacterial or fungal
Cultures, antibiograms, etc.
Wire loop/inoculating loop
to transfer quantified volume of specimen
or solution)
Pipettor
direct
examination for bacteria, viruses, or protozoa, in which case it is usual to use
anticoagulants, such as ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) or heparin.
Haematology
he blood should be left to stand at ambient temperature
(but protected from excessive heat or cold) for 1–2 hours until the clot begins
to contract and placed in a refrigerator at 4°C.
Serum
are useful for surface-feeding mites, lice and
fungal infections
Plucked hair or wool samples
is required in any laboratory handling bio-hazardous agents
Regular disinfection
refers to the removal of dirt and impurities, including germs, from surfaces
Cleaning
works by using chemicals to destroy, inhibit growth, or removal
microbes on surfaces. But killing germs remaining on a surface after cleaning further
reduces any risk of spreading infection.
Disinfecting
means the complete destruction of all the micro-organisms including
spores, from an object or environment.
Sterilization
is also used to
keep the autoclaved media at around 45-50℃ before dispensing it to the Petri dish.
Water bath
is important in that it does not affect the glass surface; do not
corrode metals, able to sterilize powders, oil and other viscous substances without getting
moist or evaporated.
Dry heat method
(used to fix the smears like in M.
tuberculosis and to reduce air contamination at mouth of broth tube during sub culture, or
sterilize inoculating loops).
flaming
High temperature of Hot air oven for one
hour.
160-180℃)
Heat to redness in Bunsen burner flame
Wire loop
are normally safe for application to living tissue such as the human skin
and throat. Also normally are more bacteriostatic in that they prevent bacterial
multiplication, but do not kill the organism.
Antiseptics
. are
chemicals that are usually lethal to bacteria and are meant to be used on non-living areas
such as floors, work benches, etc.
Germicides
, are considered germicidal or bacteriocida
Disinfectant
The most commonly used disinfectants are
0.25% chlorine
70% ethanol
aldehides or methylated spirit.
