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ANURBF MIDTERM > LESSON 6: URINALYSIS—MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF URINE - PART 1 > Flashcards

LESSON 6: URINALYSIS—MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF URINE - PART 1 Flashcards

1
Q

May indicate the presence of certain sediments

A

Color

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2
Q

Pathologic or non-pathologic causes of turbidity

A

Clarity

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3
Q

Blood

A

RBCs, RBC Cast

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4
Q

Protein

A

Casts, cells

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5
Q

Nitrite

A

Bacteria, WBCs

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6
Q

LE

A

WBCs, WBC Casts, bacteria

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7
Q

Glucose

A

Yeast

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8
Q

[?] of urine

A

10 to 15 mL

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9
Q

Centrifuge at [?] FOR [?]

A

400 RCF for 5 mins

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10
Q

Decant urine ([?] remains)

A

0.5-1 mL

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11
Q

Transfer [?] to glass slide with [?] coverslip

A

20 uL
22 x 22 mm

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12
Q

Examine (?)

A

10 LPF and 10 HPF

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13
Q

Quantitative measure of formed elements using a hemocytometer

A
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14
Q

Addis Count Specimen

A

12- hr urine

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15
Q

Addis Count Preservative

A

NaF

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16
Q

Used for routine urinalysis

A

Bright-Field Microscopy

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17
Q

Visualization of elements with low refractive indices (hyaline, mixed cellular cast, MT, Trichomonas)

A

Phase-Contrast Microscopy

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18
Q

Identification of cholesterol molecules in OFB, fatty casts and crystals

A

Polarizing Microscopy

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19
Q

Identification of Treponema spp

A

Dark-Field Microscopy

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20
Q

3-D microscopy image and layer-by-layer imaging of a specimen

A

Interference-Contrast Microscopy

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21
Q

Interference-Contrast Microscopy Types

A

A. Nomarski (Differential)
B. Hoffmann (Modulation)

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22
Q

Bright-Field microscopes can be adapted

A

Interference-Contrast Microscopy

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23
Q

For fluorescent microorganisms or those stained with a fluorescent dye

A

Fluorescence Microscopy

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24
Q

Delineates structure and contrasting colors of the nucleus and cytoplasm

A

SternheimerMalbin (CV + Safranin O)

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25
Q

WBCs, ECs, and casts

A

SternheimerMalbin (CV + Safranin O)

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26
Q

Enhances nuclear detail

A

0.5% Toluidine Blue

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27
Q

Differentiates WBCs and RTE cells

A

0.5% Toluidine Blue

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28
Q

Lyses RBCs and enhances nucleus of WBCs

A

2% Acetic acid

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29
Q

Distinguishes RBCs from WBCs, yeasts, oil droplets and crystals

A

2% Acetic acid

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30
Q

Stains TAG and neutral fats (orangered)

A

Lipid stains (ORO and Sudan III)

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31
Q

Identifies free fat droplets and lipidcontaining cells & casts

A

Lipid stains (ORO and Sudan III)

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32
Q

Differentiates Gram (-) to Gram (+) bacteria

A

GS

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33
Q

Bacterial casts

A

GS

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34
Q

Stains eosinophilic granules

A

Hansel Stain (Eosin Y + Methylene blue)

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35
Q

Urinary eosinophils

A

Hansel Stain (Eosin Y + Methylene blue)

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36
Q

A. CELLS

A
  1. Red blood cells
  2. White blood cells
  3. Epithelial Cells
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37
Q
  1. Epithelial Cells
A

A. Squamous epithelial cell
B. Transitional epithelial cell
C. Renal tubular epithelial (RTE) cell

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38
Q

C. Renal tubular epithelial (RTE) cell Variations

A

Oval Fat Bodies
Bubble cells

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39
Q

Lipid-containing RTE cell

A

Oval Fat Bodies

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40
Q

Seen in lipiduria (i.e. nephrotic syndrome)

A

Oval Fat Bodies

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41
Q

Identification of Oval Fat Bodies

A

 Lipid Stains
 Polarizing Microscope

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42
Q

 Lipid Stains for OFB

A

TAG and Neutral Fats

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43
Q

 Polarizing Microscope for OFB

A

Maltese-cross appearance

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44
Q

RTE cell with nonlipid-filled vacuoles

A

Bubble Cells

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45
Q

Seen in acute tubular necrosis

A

Bubble Cells

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46
Q

Glitter cells in Sternheimer-Malbin Stain

A

(Pale blue)

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47
Q

Leukocytes in Sternheimer-Malbin Stain

A

(Pale pink)

48
Q

The nucleus of the [?] is about the same size of an RBC

A

squamous epithelial cell

49
Q

An increase in [?] exhibiting an abnormal morphology may be indicative of malignancy or viral infection

A

TEC

50
Q

[?] from the distal convoluted tubules may be mistaken for WBCs

A

RTEs

51
Q

Reporting of Epithelial Cells
RFMoMa
o Squamous [?]
o Transitional [?]
Reporting of Epithelial Cells
RFMoMa
o Squamous [?]
o Transitional [?]

o RTE Cell [?]
o Oval Fat Bodies [?]

A

(LPF)
(HPF)

Ave. number per HPF
Ave. number per HPF

52
Q

most frequently associated with UTI

A

gram negative bacteria

53
Q

Most common cause of UTI:

A

Enterobacteriaceae

54
Q

Parasites

A

o Trichomonas vaginalis
o Schistosoma haematobium ova
o Enterobius vermicularis

55
Q

 Most frequent parasite encountered in urine

A

o Trichomonas vaginalis

56
Q

o Trichomonas vaginalis

 Pear-shaped flagellate (_________ motility)

A

Rapid-Darting Motility

57
Q

o Trichomonas vaginalis

 Method of reporting: ___________

A

Rare, Few, Moderate, Many

58
Q

 Blood fluke with terminal spine

A

Schistosoma haematobium ova

59
Q

 Causes hematuria;

A

Schistosoma haematobium ova

60
Q

associated with bladder cancer

A

Schistosoma haematobium ova

61
Q

Schistosoma haematobium ova

 Specimen:

A

24hr unpreserved urine

62
Q

 Most common fecal contaminant

A

Enterobius vermicularis

63
Q

o True yeast infection: ____________________

A

With WBC

64
Q

o Small, refractile oval structures that may or may not bud

A

Yeast

65
Q

= seen in DM patients and IMMUNOCOMPROMISSED

A

o Candida albicans

66
Q

Mucus thread

o Major constituent:

A

Tamm-Horsefall Protein (Uromodulin)

67
Q

Hematuria

A
67
Q

Hematuria

A

Red blood cells

68
Q

Pyuria

A

White blood cells

69
Q

Red blood cells Normal value range:

A

0 to 4 PER HPF

70
Q

White blood cells Normal value range:

A

0 to 5 PER HPF

71
Q

Normal Red blood cells

A

Smooth, non-nucleated, biconcave disks-shaped sediment

72
Q

Red blood cells Size

A

(7um in diameter)

73
Q

Hypertonic urine = __________________________

A

Crenated

74
Q

Hypotonic urine = __________________________

A

Ghost Cell/Large Empty Cell

75
Q

Glomerular bleeding/damage= __________________________

A

RBC Casts

76
Q

RBC Sources of error:

A

Yeast, oil droplets, air bubbles, CaOx monohydrate

77
Q

Remedy to lyse RBCs

A

Addition of 2% HAc

78
Q

Glomerular membrane damage

A

Red blood cells

79
Q

vascular injury within GUT

A

Red blood cells

80
Q

glomerular bleeding

A

Red blood cells

81
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

Red blood cells

82
Q

renal calculi

A

Red blood cells

83
Q

malignancies

A

Red blood cells

84
Q

Schistosomiasis

A

Red blood cells

85
Q

strenuous exercise

A

Red blood cells

86
Q

White blood cell Normal value range:

A

0 to 5 per HPF

87
Q

predominant WBC

A

Neutrophils

88
Q

Granulated and multilobed

A

Neutrophils

89
Q

Swells in

A

hypotonic (dilute and alkaline) urine

90
Q
A

Neutrophils

91
Q

granules undergo Brownian Movement

A

Neutrophils

92
Q

*clinically insignificant

A

Glitter Cells

93
Q

o Shrinks in

A

hypertonic (acidic) urine

94
Q

Eosinophils Normal value range: __________

A

<1%

95
Q

Eosinophils Clinically significant - associated with drug-induced interstitial nephritis

A

Urinary Eosinophils

96
Q

Mononuclear cells

A

Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Macrophages, Histiocytes

97
Q

Present in small amount

A

Mononuclear cells

98
Q

An increase indicates an inflammatory response or renal transplant rejection

A

Mononuclear cells

99
Q

Mononuclear cells

 Clinical Significance:

A

infection or inflammation in the GUT

100
Q

Mononuclear cells

 Bacterial infection:

A

cystitis, pyelonephritis, prostatitis, urethritis

101
Q

Mononuclear cells

 Non-bacterial infection:

A

glomerulonephritis, SLE, tumors

102
Q

o Largest cell (30-40 um) with abundant, irregular cytoplasm and prominent nucleus

A

Squamous epithelial cell

103
Q

o Folded cell may resemble casts.

A

Squamous epithelial cell

104
Q

Found in the linings of vagina, female urethra and lower portion of male urethra

A

Squamous epithelial cell

105
Q

SEC studded with Gardnerella vaginalis; associated with bacterial vaginosis

A

Clue Cells

106
Q

Squamous epithelial cell Size

A

(30-40 um

107
Q

Transitional epithelial cell (____________)

A

Urothelial

108
Q

o Spherical, polyhedral or caudate with centrally located nucleus

A

Transitional epithelial cell

109
Q

o From linings of renal pelvis, calyces, ureter, urinary bladder and upper portion of male urethra.

A

Transitional epithelial cell

110
Q

o Significant numbers can be seen after catheterization (single, pairs, or in clumps {syncytia})

A

Transitional epithelial cell

111
Q

in clumps {?)

A

syncytia}

112
Q

o Most clinically significant epithelial cell

A

Renal tubular epithelial (RTE) cell

113
Q

o Oblong or round to oval or rectangular and contain an eccentric nucleus and coarsely granulated cytoplasm

A

Renal tubular epithelial (RTE) cell

114
Q

o >2 RTE/HPF indicates ___________________

A

Tubular Damage

ANURBF MIDTERM (10 decks)

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