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ANURBF MIDTERM > Checkpoint Notes: Renal Diseases > Flashcards

Checkpoint Notes: Renal Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Sodium carbonate Uric acid reagent (Folin reagent with PTA)

A

URIC ACID

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2
Q

HCl upon addition of MnO2

A

CARBONATE OXALATE

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3
Q

Ammonium molybdate in nitric acid

A

PHOSPHATE

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4
Q

HCl and NaOH

A

CALCIUM

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5
Q

HCl, NaOH, and p-nitrobenzeneazoresorcinol in NaOH

A

MAGNESIUM

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6
Q

HCl, NaOH and Nessier’s solution

A

AMMONIUM

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7
Q

NH4OH, NaCN, and Na nitroprusside

A

CYSTINE

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8
Q

Deep blue color

A

URIC ACID

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9
Q

Formation of tiny bubbles

A

CARBONATE OXALATE

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10
Q

Distinct yellow color after heating

A

PHOSPHATE

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11
Q

White cloud

A

CALCIUM

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12
Q

Blue color

A

MAGNESIUM

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13
Q

Orange-brown ppt.

A

AMMONIUM

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14
Q

Beet red color

A

CYSTINE

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15
Q

Clinical representation of glomerular diseases

A

Nephrotic syndrome
Nephritic syndrome

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16
Q

Immune-mediated

A

Nephritic syndrome

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17
Q

Acute onset of usually grossly visible hematuria

A

Nephritic syndrome

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18
Q

Presence of rbc casts

A

Nephritic syndrome

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19
Q

Mild-to-moderate proteinuria

A

Nephritic syndrome

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20
Q

Oluguria

A

Nephritic syndrome

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21
Q

Disruption of the filtration barrier because of the damage to the membrane and changes in the electrical charges in the basal lamina and podocytes, producing a less tightly connected barrier

A

Nephrotic syndrome

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22
Q

Heavy proteinuria [> 3.5 gm/day]

A

Nephrotic syndrome

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23
Q

Hyporalbuminuria

A

Nephrotic syndrome

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24
Q

Severe edema

A

Nephrotic syndrome

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25
Q

Hyperlipidemia

A

Nephrotic syndrome

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26
Q

Lipiduria

A

Nephrotic syndrome

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27
Q

Glomerulopathies presenting as nephritic syndrome

A

Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
Rapidly progressive or crescentic glomerulonephritis
Membranous glomerulonephritis
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
IgA nepheropathy (Berger disease)
Chronic glomerulonephritis

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28
Q

Two types of Rapidly progressive or crescentic glomerulonephritis

A

Goodpasteur syndrome
Wegener granulomatosis

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29
Q

Glomerulopathies presenting as nephrotic syndrome

A

Minimal change disease
Google segmental glomerulosclerosis

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30
Q

Deposition of immune complexes, formed in conjunction with a group a streptococcus infection, on glomerular membranes

A

Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

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31
Q

Deposition of immune complexes from systemic immune disorders on the glomerular membrane

A

Rapidly progressive or crescentic glomerulonephritis

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32
Q

Thickening of the glomerular membrane following IgG immune complex deposition associated with systemic disorders

A

Membranous glomerulonephritis

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33
Q

Cellular proliferation affecting the capillary walls or the glomerular basement membrane, possibly immune-mediated

A

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

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34
Q

Deposition of IgA on the glomerular membrane resulting from increased levels of serum IgA

A

IgA nepheropathy (Berger disease)

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35
Q

Most common cause of glomerulonephritis

A

IgA nepheropathy (Berger disease)

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36
Q

Marked decrease in renal function resulting from glomerular damage precipitated by other renal disorders

A

Chronic glomerulonephritis

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37
Q

Attachment of a cytotoxic antibody formed during viral respiratory infections to glomerular and alveolar basement membranes

A

Goodpasteur syndrome

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38
Q

Initial pulmonary complaints or hemoptysis and dyspnea, followed by the development of hematuria

A

Goodpasteur syndrome

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39
Q

(+) ANTI GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE ANTIBODY

A

Goodpasteur syndrome

40
Q

Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic autoantibodies binds to neutrophils and vascular walls producing damage to small vessels in the lungs and glomerulus

A

Wegener granulomatosis

41
Q

(+) ANTI NEUTROPHILIC CYTOPLASMIC AUTO-ANTIBODY (ANCA)

A

Wegener granulomatosis

42
Q

Disruption of podocytes occurring primarily in children following allergic reactions and immunizations

A

Minimal change disease

43
Q

Disruption of podocytes in certain areas of glomeruli associated with heroin and analgesic abuse and AIDS

A

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

44
Q

Occurs primarily in children following viral respiratory infections

A

Henoch-Schonlein Purpura

45
Q

Decrease in platelets disrupts a vascular integrity

A

Henoch-Schonlein Purpura

46
Q

Also known as Kimmelstiel-Wilson disease

A

Diabetic nephropathy

47
Q

Currently the most come on cause of end-stage renal disease

A

Diabetic nephropathy

48
Q

Damage to the glomerular membrane occurs as a result of glomerular membrane thickening, increase proliferation of mesangial cells, and increase deposition of cellular and non-cellular material within the glomerular matrix resulting in accumulation of solid substances around the capillary tufts

A

Diabetic nephropathy

49
Q

This is believed to be associated with the the position of glycosylated proteins resulting from poorly controlled blood glucose levels

A

Diabetic nephropathy

50
Q

The vascular structure of the glomerulus also develops sclerosis

A

Diabetic nephropathy

51
Q

Tubulointerstitial Diseases

A

ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS

52
Q

Damage to the renal tubular cells caused by ischemia or toxic agents

A

ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS

53
Q

Inherited in association with cystinosis and Hartnup disease or acquired through exposure to toxic agents

A

Fanconi’s Sysndrome

54
Q

Inherited defect of tubular response to ADH or acquired from medications

A

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidues

55
Q

Inherited autosomal recessive traits

A

Renal Glycosuria

56
Q

Infection of the renal tubules and intestitium related to interference of urine flow to the bladder, reflux of urine from the bladder, and untreated cystitis

A

Acute Pyelonephritis

57
Q

Recurrent infection of the tubules and interstitium caused by structural abnormalities affecting the flow of urine

A

Chronic Pyelonephritis

58
Q

Allergic inflammation of the renal interstitium in response to certain medications

A

Acute Interstitial Nephritis

59
Q

Ascending bacetrial infection of the bladder

A

Cystitis

60
Q

May be acute or chronic

A

Renal Failure

61
Q

may be a gradual progression from the original disorder to chronic renal failure or end-stage renal disease

A

Renal Failure

62
Q

A marked decrease in glomerular filtration rate (< 25mL/min)

A

progression to end-stage renal disease

63
Q

Steadily rising serum BUN and creatinine values (azotemia)

A

progression to end-stage renal disease

64
Q

Electrolyte imbalance

A

progression to end-stage renal disease

65
Q

Lack of renal concentrating ability producing an isosthenuric

A

progression to end-stage renal disease

66
Q

Proteinuria

A

progression to end-stage renal disease

67
Q

Renal glycosuria

A

progression to end-stage renal disease

68
Q

Abundance of granular, waxy, and broadcast, often referred to as telescope urine sediment

A

progression to end-stage renal disease

69
Q

Exhibits sudden loss of renal function and is frequently reversible

A

Acute renal failure

70
Q

Decrease blood pressure

A

PRERENAL

71
Q

Cardiac output

A

PRERENAL

72
Q

Hemorrhage

A

PRERENAL

73
Q

Burns

A

PRERENAL

74
Q

Surgery

A

PRERENAL

75
Q

Septicemia

A

PRERENAL

76
Q

Acute glomerulonephritis

A

RENAL

77
Q

Acute tubular necrosis

A

RENAL

78
Q

Acute pyelonephritis

A

RENAL

79
Q

Acute interstitial nephritis

A

RENAL

80
Q

Renal calculi

A

POSTRENAL

81
Q

Tumors

A

RENAL

82
Q

Crystallization of ingested substances

A

RENAL

83
Q

Kidney stones

A

Renal calculi

84
Q

May form in the calyces and pelvis of the kidney. ureters, and bladder

A

Renal calculi

85
Q

They may be small and be passed in the urine or large and obstract the urinary tract

A

Renal calculi

86
Q

A procedure using high-energy shock waves, can be used to break stones located in the upper urinary tract into pieces that can then be passed in the urine

A

LITHOTRIPSY

87
Q

Conditions favoring the formation of renal calculi

A

pH
Chemical concentration
Urine stasis

88
Q

PRIMARY CALCULI CONSTITUENTS

A

Calcium oxalate or phosphate
Magnesium ammonium phosphate
Uric acid
Cystine

89
Q

Frequently associated with metabolic calcium and phosphate disorders and occasionally diet

A

~75 CALCIUM OXALATE OR PHOSPHATE

90
Q

Frequently accompanied by urinary infections involving the splitting-bacteria

A

Magnesium ammonium phosphate

91
Q

Urine pH usually > 7

A

Magnesium ammonium phosphate

92
Q

Associated with increased intake of food with high purine content

A

Uric acid

93
Q

Urine ph is acidic

A

Uric acid

94
Q

Seen in conjunction with hereditary disorders of cysteine metabolism

A

Cystine

95
Q

Increase crystalluria has been noted during the summer months in person known to form renal calculi

A

Renal lithiasis

96
Q

Analysis can be performed chemically, but examination using x-ray crystallography provides a more comprehensive analysis

A

Renal lithiasis

97
Q

Patient management technique include maintaining the urine at a compatible pH with crystallization of particular chemicals, maintaining adequate hydration to lower chemical concentration, and suggesting possible dietary restrictions

A

Renal lithiasis

ANURBF MIDTERM (10 decks)

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