Lesson 6: Philosophy and Spirituality Flashcards
is a central concept in discussing the nature of human soul. It refers primarily to how the body, its senses, and perception define human function and consciousness.
Embodiment
that man is able to perceive and experience reality through his physical body.
embodied cognition
the notion of the self arises through the interaction between the individual and his or her environment
These doctrines holds that the spirit is created by God, and that it is embodied in the human being
Christian doctrines
Upon the body’s demise, the spirit continues to persist into the afterlife
Christian doctrine
an essential element for salvation of mankind, as it will be raised from the dead and shall receive the judgement of God
Spirit
An Embodied Spirit
focuses on the kind of substances and capacities that uniquely make up a human person
Metaphysical approach
An Embodied Spirit
focuses on the kind of life, or mode of existence, that is unique to a human person
Existential approach
- he describes the metaphysical approach as dealing with the what of a human person,
- while the existential approach as dealing with the who of a human person
Martin Heidegger
Components of the Human Person
Human person is essentially just his/her body and nothing more
unspirited body view
belief that humans do not have a spiritual component
Components of the Human Person
Human person is essentially just his/her spirit
disembodied spirit view
belief that while the body is dependent on the spirit, the spirit is not dependent on the body
Components of the Human Person
human person is essentially the unity of his/her body and spirit
embodied spirit view
the body and spirit cannot exist independently of one another
believed that the human spirit or soul is composed of three parts
Plato
According to Plato, the human spirit or soul is composed of three parts:
- logos (the mind or reason)
- thymos (spirit)
- epithymia (appetite)
Every individual exists an internal conflict, explained by conflicting parts of the soul
Plato’s three parts of the soul:
is responsible for having our rational goals
located in the head
logos
Plato’s three parts of the soul:
is the will or the drive toward an action
located in the chest
thymos
Plato’s three parts of the soul:
refers to the thing that the body desires
located in the abdomen
epithymia
rejected Plato’s explanation and believed that the soul is not independent of the body but is integrated into the human being. He explained that the individual is composed of form and matter.
Aristotle
According to Aristotle
refers to the components that make up an object
Matter
various elements and components from nature come together to form the physical structure of the body
According to Aristotle
refers to the structure and arrangement of matter that actually gives rise to the object it itself.
Form
the soul combines with the body to gve rise to the individual person
considers the question of how the mental or non-physical are abe to interact with the physical body and to what extent one influences the other
mind-body problem
belief that the physical process determined the state of the mind
physicalism
view that holds that mental processes and thought are only the only reality
idealism
a view that argues human being is composed of elements that are neither physical nor mental
monism
believes the distinctiveness of physical and mental nature of man
dualism
argued that self-awareness and consciousness exists even if the body is deprived of its senses. For him, the soul is immaterial, indestructible, and independent of the body.
Avicenna
He deduced that even without sensory data, one is able to intellectually recude the idea that an individual has an existing soul
who proposed that the mind and body exist as two separate entities that interact with one another
Rene Descartes
Descartes used ____________ , doubting everything that he knows to remove false knowledge and opinion.
methodic or systematic doubt
Descartes later on reached his monumental conclusion, “ ______________________________” to affirm his existence.
“I think, therefore I am,”
For Descartes, what is certain is his doubt or thought and that doubt should originate from somewhere, particularly the individual who had formulated that doubt or thought in his or her mind.
The latin of “I think, therefore I am.”
COGITO ERGO SUM!
Descartes says your brain is powerful, therefore we can say that there are endless possibilities for us as we exist!
A strong statement created by Descartes tells us that our existence on how we think
man is not man if he does not think!
Cogito
If man doesn’t think, he ceases to exists – we may compare him to a cadaver (Aristotle reference)
I think, therefore I am
Therefore
Ergo
I think, therefore I am
I am
Sum
I am a human person, I exist, and I can change the world. Therefore, let us feed our minds through reading books
they also foundered on the nature of men but placed more emphasis on the spirit or soul as the essential component of human existence
Religious philosophers
religious philosopher
believed the soul is the first actuality of the body; for there to be a body, there should first be a soul
St. Thomas Aquinas
has substance but has no physical or concrete form and is able to exist even without the body
Soul
religious philosophers
considers the soul as the driving force that governs the body and defines the human person
St. Augustine
states that “The spirit gives form to the body, and that the human person is a spiritual being with a material body”
According to Reverent Chaucey GIles, in his work “The Nature of Spirit and of Man as Spiritual Being”
The Nature of Spirit and of Man as Spiritual Being
Man’s ________ nature enables him/her to relate and interact with the physical world
physical
The Nature of Spirit and of Man as Spiritual Being
Where does man’s physical nature come from?
comes from the breath of God
enables hi/her to relate with God
Biblical account
is used to describe the physical-spritual man and the wholeness of the spirit and the body
soul
soul is never equated with the spirit
Biblical account
this act into man is essential as it gives man a spirit which defines him/her as a soul - that is a living being, a person
act of breathing life
Biblical account
refers to the wholeness of the person
soul
“Love the Lord your God, with all your heart and with all your soul..”
Biblical account
used to refer to the spiritual nature of man
spirit
“Father, into your hands I commend my spirit.”
Biblical account
holds that man is composed of three essential parts: body, soul, and spirit.
- The soul is defined as the component which gives man life and will
- spirit enables man to establish a connection with god.
trichotomic view
Biblical account
view where there is no distiction between the spirit and soul and views men as being composed of body and spirit
dichotomic view
Biblical account
views man is of a single or unitary constitution and that the body and spirit are inseparable and integrated.
psychosomatic view
Biblical account
- God breath the breathe of life
- God-conscious
- Man commmunicates with God, served Him and understand the relationship with God
Spirit
God dwells in the spirit
Biblical account
- Consummation of body and spirit
- Self-conscious
- Intellect
Soul
Self dwells in the soul
Biblical account
- Ground/dust
- World-conscious
- 5 organs/senses; communicates to the physical world
Body
sense dwells in the body
Catholic doctrine holds that the human person is the union of the _______
body and soul
the soul enables man to know and love God
study of God and other religious concepts
Theology
discusses the nature of God and use philosophical tools to define and understand the concept of divinity and religion
is acknowledged as a supreme being that governs all existence, is the center of faith and devotion of a religion
God
is the belief in the existence of a God or several deities
Theism
belief in a single God
Monotheism
The characteristics of God:
- Omniscience
- Omnipotence
- Omnipresence
- Benevolence
- Divine Simplicity
- Eternal
characteristic
God is all-knowing
Omniscience
characteristic
God is all-powerful
Omnipotence
characteristic
God is ever-present
Omnipresence
characteristic
God is perfectly good, just, and all-loving
Benevolence
characteristic
All attributes are integrated and embodied in Him. God is not just “good”, He is goodness itself
Divine Simplicity
Characteristic
God is timeless and has no beginning and end
Eternal
analysis of sacred texts
revealed theology
employed reason to subtantiate the existence of God
natural theology
Contends that since man is able to conceive the notion of a Supreme Being, then it holds reason that such Supreme Being exists.
Ontological Argument
Focuses on the purpose a God would play in the universe
Teleological Argument
argues that a Supreme Being is necessary for the continued existence of an orderly but complex universe
Takes into account the nature of existence and the universe, and recognizes the existence of God has an explanation of how things came to being in our reality
Cosmological Argument
He presented several arguements that point to God as the “prime mover”,“the first cause of existence,” and the “source of being” of reality and the universe
St. Thomas Aquinas
cosmological argument
For Gottfried Willhelm Leibniz, all facts must have an explanation.
a principle
“principle of sufficient reason”
From Islamic theology;
Everything that has a beginning has a cause. The universe has a beginning. Therefore, the universe has a cause.
kalam cosmological argument
Holds that man’s ethical nature is brought about the existence of God
Moral Judgement
God is the representation of the greatest idea, “the greatest good”, and it is from him that all standards of goodness are based.
the view of moral judgement was introduced by the Scottish philosopher?
William Sorley
This argument consider God, a necessary being for the universe and all existence to make sense
Moral judgement
Life itself would hold little significance without God
is the view which considers metaphysical concepts such as God to be inherently unknowable
Agnoticism
rejection or nonbelief in the existence of God or any deity
Atheism
God is the recognized ____ of the universe
Creator
God is the recognized Creator of the universe
God plays a central role in ____ as it is through Him that saving faith is affected
redemptive salvation
God also takes an active role in human condition ( ________ ) through blessings, miracles
divine providence
God’s presence in this universe may be seen as either
immanenent or trancendent
Regards God as manifesting Himself in the world as a unique entity
Immanence
Christian doctrine recognizes God’s immanence through whom?
Jesus Christ
who came into being as part of the plan of salvation
depicts God as existing outside the material world, and whose presence is beyond physical laws and human knowledge and understanding.
Transcendence
view that God is both beyond and within the universe.
panentheistic view
view that God is an all-encompassing presence in the universe and has no distinct presence as an entity.
pantheistic view
view where God was a distinct entity but lost this state when He transformed Himself into the universe.
Pandeistic view
proposed that human trascendence is based on rationality
Immanuel Kant
Humans are able to comprehend certain actions concepts that hav no equivalent physical obects or sensory experience
considers the person’s ability to comprehend and relate to objects and being outside of his own self as an indication of transcendence
Jean-Paul Sartre
For him, transcendence lies the ability of persons to realte to people, things, and expeperiences in a meaningful manner
