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PHILO 11 1st Quarter > Lesson 1: Introduction to the Philosophy > Flashcards

Lesson 1: Introduction to the Philosophy Flashcards

1
Q

basic meanings of philosophy:

A
  1. ideas, views, principles, perspectives or beliefs
  2. activity of reasoning
  3. academic course/degree
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2
Q

etymology of philosophy

A

Greek word: philosophia
- philo love
- sophia wisdom

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3
Q

traits of a wise person:

A
  1. knowing what one know and what one does not know
  2. having justified true beliefs
  3. knowing things that are valuable in life
  4. having the ability to put knowledge into practice
  5. knowing what should be done and act accordingly
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4
Q

The Meaning of Philosophy:

A

a.) Science
b.) Natural Light of Reason
c.) Study of All Things
d.) First Cause or Highest Principle

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5
Q

Meaning of Philosophy

It is called _ because of the invesitgation is systematic. It follows certain steps or it employs certain procedures.

A

Science

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6
Q

Meaning of Philosophy

Philosophy investigates things where the philosopher uses his natural capacity to think

A

Natural Light of Reason

simply human reason alone or the so called unaided reason

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7
Q

Meaning of Philosophy

This sets the distinction between philosophy from other scences as other sciences concer themselves with a particular object of investigation.

A

Study of All Things

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8
Q

Meaning of Philosophy

A principle is that from which something proceeds in any manner whatsoever.

A

First Cause of Highest Principle

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9
Q

Highest Priciple

whatever is is; and whatever is not is not; everything is its own being, and not being is not being.

A

principle of identity

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10
Q

Highest Priciple

it is impossible for a thing to be and not be at the same time, and at the same aspect

A

principle of non-contradiction

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11
Q

Highest Priciple

a thing is either is or is not; everything must be either be or not be; between being and not being, there is no middle ground possible

A

principle of excluded middle

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12
Q

Highest Priciple

nothing exists without a sufficient reason for its being and existence

A

principle of sufficient reason

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13
Q

general types of philosophy:

under this classification are the kinds of philosophy that are distinguished from one another according to the topic of issues being addressed.

A

thematic types

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14
Q

general types of philosophy:

under this classification are the kinds of philosophy that are distinguished from one another according to the solution that is being processed for a certain issue.

A

positional types

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15
Q

under this classification are the kinds of philosophy that are distinguished from one another according to the method used to resolve a certain issue.

A

methodological types

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16
Q

under thematic types are what are called branches of philosophy and what we call

A

disciplinal philosophies

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17
Q

The distinction between correct and incorrect form of reasoning

A

Logic

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18
Q

Topic of Philosophical Investigation

Logic

A

Reasoning

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19
Q

The kinds, sources, and conditions of knowledge

A

Epistemology

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20
Q
A
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21
Q

Topic of Philosophical Investigation

Epistomology

A

Knowledge

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22
Q

Whether reality consists of physical objects only, of nonphysical objects only, or of physical and nonphysical objects.

A

metaphysics

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23
Q

Topic of Philosophical Investigation

Metaphysics

A

Reality, existence

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24
Q

The appropriate moral principles, meaning of moral judgements

A

Ethics

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25
Q

Topic of Philosophical Investigation

Ethics

A

Morality

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26
Q

criteria for judgement about beauty

A

Aesthetics

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27
Q

Topic of Philosophical Investigation

Aesthetics

A

Beauty

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28
Q

legitimizing the state, limits of the state’s political power, social and distributive justice

A

Social and Political Philosophy

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29
Q

Topic of Philosophical Investigation

Social and Political Philosophy

A

The State

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30
Q

Difference between scientific and nonscientific statements

A

Philosophy of Science

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31
Q

Topic of Philosophical Investigation

Philosophy of Science

A

Science

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32
Q

Meaning of religious statements, existence of God, problem of evil

A

Philosophy of Religion

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33
Q

Topic of Philosophical Investigation

Philosophy of Religion

A

Religious beliefs

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34
Q

Meaning of proper names, definite descriptions, and psychological statements

A

Philosophy of Language

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35
Q

Topic of Philosophical Investigation

Philosophy of Mind

A

Mind

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36
Q

are classified according to the disciplines or areas of learning whose foundations are beng examined

A

disciplinal philosophies

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37
Q

correspond to what are called philosophical schools of thoughts or philosophical views

A

positional types

38
Q

Philosophical Views

materialism, idealism, dualism, monism, pluralism

A

metaphysics

39
Q

Philosophical Views

rationalism, empricism, critical philosophy, pragmatism

A

epistemology

40
Q

Philosophical Views

consequentialism, deontology, virtue ethics

A

ethics (normative)

41
Q

Philosophical Views

socialism, liberalism, capitalism, social contractarianism

A

social and politcal philosophy

42
Q

Philosophical Views

intentional logic, extensional logic, aristotelian logic, mathematical logic

43
Q

Philosophical Views

atheism, theism (monotheism, polytheism, panetheism, panantheism), religious pluralism

A

philosophy or religion

44
Q

Philosophical Views

platonic aesthetics, humean aesthetics, kantian aesthetics, postmodern aesthetics, feminist aesthetics

A

aesthetics

45
Q

Philosophical Views

ideal-language philosophy, ordinary language philosophy, refrential theory of meaning, use theory of meaning, speech act theory

A

philosophy of language

46
Q

Philosophical Views

dualism, materialism, epiphenominalism, physicalism, functionalism, computationalism, biological naturalism

A

philosophy of mind

47
Q

Philosophical Views

realism, instrumentalism, falsificationism, constructivism, inductivism, reductionism, coherentism

A

philosophy of science

48
Q

philosophies are also classsified according to the kind of philosophical method that they use and correspond to what are sometimes called

A

philosophical movements, approaches and traditions

49
Q

methodological types

uses the methods of linguistic analysis, logical analysis, and conceptual analysis

A

analytic philosophy

50
Q

methodological types

uses the methods of braceting of presuppositions or suspension of judgements and direct experiential analysis

A

phenomology

51
Q

methodological types

uses different forms of textual analysis as methods of interpretation

A

hermeneutics

52
Q

methodological types

uses the methods of historical and dialectical materialism

53
Q

methodological types

uses the method of existential anaysis or analysis that relates to the question of life’a meaning

A

existentialism

54
Q

methodological types

uses the method of gender analysis or analysis that considers the issue of gender inequality

55
Q

methodological types

uses the methods of deconstruction and power analysis

A

postmodernism

56
Q

two major kinds of regional types of philosophy:

A

Western and Eastern philosophies

57
Q

philosophical activities happening in particular countries or nations

A

national philosophies

58
Q

regional type

consisted of schools of thought closely tied to religion

A

eastern philosophy

59
Q

regional type

developed a more scientific and theory-based approach in their studies

A

western philosophy

60
Q

historical types

includes philosophies of the Ancient Greek philosophers and the Roman philosophers

A

ancient philosophy

61
Q

historical types

  • comes after the ancient period and roughly runs until the late 15th century and Renaissance.
  • closely related to Christian thought
A

medieval philosophy

chief philosophers of the period were churchmen

62
Q

historical types

includes the philosophies of the Rationalists, Empiricists, as well as Idealists

A

modern philosophy

63
Q

historical types

covers the philosophical developments of the 20th sectury up to the present day

A

contemporary philosophy

includes philosophies of postmodern thinkers

64
Q

studies or investigates the unreal entities in terms of the real world that we experience through or senses

A

Metaphysics

65
Q

the well-known philosopher who enlightened the field of metaphysics by contrasting reality and appearance

66
Q

is how we percieve the world

67
Q

studies questions related to what it is for something to exist and what types of existence there are

A

Metaphysics

topic include existence, objects and their properties, space and time, cause and effect, possibility

68
Q

deals with the evalution of human actions and the nature of moral virtue

A

Ethics

idea of right vs wrong and evil vs good

69
Q

Socrates pointed out that knowlege is not merely theoretical nor speculative but also _______

A

practical

knowledge on rules of right living is not sufficient when it is not actually bein practiced.

70
Q

major area of study within ethics:

concerning the theoreticl meaning and reference of moral propositions, and how their values can be determined

A

meta-ethics

71
Q

major area of study within ethics:

concerning the practical means of determining a moral course of action

A

normative ethics

72
Q

major area of study within ethics:

concerning what a person is obligated to do in a specific situation or a particular domain of action

A

applied ethics

73
Q

concerns itself with the nature, sources, limitations and validity of knowledge

A

Epistemology

74
Q

epistemology:

questions the possibility of knowledge and related problems such as whether skepticism poses a threat to our ordinary knowledge claims

A

philosophical skepticism

75
Q

according to epistemology, knowledge can be acquired through

A

induction (empiricism) and deduction

76
Q

epistemology:

is a process of knowledge forming by investigating particular order to arrive at a general idea

77
Q

epistemology:

is a process employs generally accepted ideas in order to arrive at specific ideas

78
Q

advocates of deductive method

A

rationalists

e.g. Rene Descartes

79
Q

famous pragmatists

A

William James and John Dewey

80
Q

epistemology:

the value in use is the real test of truth and meaning

A

pragmatism

81
Q
  • is the study of correct reasoning
  • does not provise us knowledge of the world directly
  • serves as a tool to guide one’s argument
82
Q

logic:

is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning

83
Q

logic:

this term in a sense is self-contradictory because logic refers to valid reasoning, whereas a fallacy is the use of poor reasoning

A

logical fallacy

used to mean an argument which is problematic for any reason

84
Q

logic:

denotes a general formal fallacy, often meaning one which does not belong to any named subclass formal fallacies

A

non sequitur

85
Q

Argument Terminology

  • collection of statements (premises) intended to support or infer a claim
  • truth value of either true or false
86
Q

Argument Terminology

Conclusion necessarily follows from premises

87
Q

Argument Terminology

Conclusion follows from premises with some probability

88
Q

Argument Terminology

Deductive <

A

Valid - sound or unsound
Invalid - unsound

89
Q

Argument Terminology

Inductive <

A

Strong - cogent or uncogent
Weak - uncogent

90
Q

can be used to explain matters regarding culture and arts

A

Aesthetics

91
Q

consider the importance of aesthetics:

A
  1. It vitalizes our knowledge
  2. It helps us to live more deeply and richly
  3. It brings us touch with our culture
92
Q

argues that our tastes and judgements regarding beauty, work in connection with one;s own personal experience and culture

A

Hans-Georg Gadamer

PHILO 11 1st Quarter (7 decks)

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