Lesson 2: Methods of Philosophizing Flashcards
to think or express oneself in a philosophical manner.
Philosophizing
it is a truth which is based on reasoning and critical thinking.
Logic
it is a philosophy that emphasizes the importance of free individual choice, regardless of the power of other people to influence and coerce our desires, beliefs, and decisions.
Existentialism
It is said that the philosophy should apply logical techniques to attain conceptual clarity.
Analytic Tradition
Who founded analytic tradition?
Gottlob Frege
The word “phenomenon” comes directly from the Greek phainomenon, meaning “appearance.”
Phenomenology
is a defect in an argument other than it is having false premises.
Fallacy
What are the Kinds of Fallacy?
- Informal Fallacies
- Formal Fallacies
are errors in reasoning due to solely to an incorrect form or structure of an argument.
Formal Fallacies
also known as material fallacies, are errors in reasoning due solely to an anomaly or defect in the content of an argument.
Informal Fallacies
What are the Types of Informal Fallacies?
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Fallacies of Relevance
Fallacies of Presumption
referring to fallacies in which the error in reasoning is brought about by occurrence of ambiguous terms whose meaning are confused in an argument.
Fallacies of Ambiguity
referring to fallacies in which the error in reasoning is brought about by the irrelevance of the premise/s to the conclusion of an argument.
Fallacies of Relevance
referring to fallacies in which the error in reasoning is brought about by occurrence of complex or loaded expressions whose assumptions are questioned or have not yet been proven to be true.
Fallacies of Presumption
Fallacies of Ambiguity
- Equivocation
- Composition
- Division
Fallacies of Relevance
Argument from Ignorance
Appeal to Inappropriate Authority
Appeal to the Person
Appeal to Pity
Appeal to Popular Will
Appeal to Force
Fallacies of Presumption
Complex Question
Post Hoc
Petition Principii
Accident
Hasty Generalization
It is committed when several meanings of a word or phrase become confused in the context of one argument.
Equivocation
It is committed when one reasons from the qualities of the parts of a whole to the qualities to the whole itself.
Composition
It is a reverse composition, is committed when one reasons from the qualities of a whole to the qualities of the parts of the whole.
Division
It is committed when it is argued that a proposition is true simply on the basis that it has not been proven false, or that it is false because it has not proven true.
Argument from Ignorance
It is committed when one appeals to an authority whose field of expertise does not include the nature of the conclusion being established.
Appeal to Inappropriate Authority
It is committed when one applies a general rule to individual cases, which, because of their special or accidental nature, the general rule does not properly apply.
Accident
It is committed when one appeals to force, often subtly, to cause the acceptance of a conclusion.
Appeal to Force
It is committed when one evaluates an argument by means of citing something the person who asserts the said argument.
Appeal to the Person
It is committed when one asks a question that contains unproven assumptions.
Complex Question
It is committed when reasoning is circular in that the conclusion is already assumed in the premises.
Begging the Question
It is committed when one attributes a wrong cause to something, which is often due to a mere temporal succession of two events.
False Cause
