Lesson 2: Methods of Philosophizing

Question 1

to think or express oneself in a philosophical manner.

Answer 1

Philosophizing

Question 2

it is a truth which is based on reasoning and critical thinking.

Answer 2

Logic

Question 3

it is a philosophy that emphasizes the importance of free individual choice, regardless of the power of other people to influence and coerce our desires, beliefs, and decisions.

Answer 3

Existentialism

Question 4

It is said that the philosophy should apply logical techniques to attain conceptual clarity.

Answer 4

Analytic Tradition

Question 5

Who founded analytic tradition?

Answer 5

Gottlob Frege

Question 6

The word “phenomenon” comes directly from the Greek phainomenon, meaning “appearance.”

Answer 6

Phenomenology

Question 7

is a defect in an argument other than it is having false premises.

Answer 7

Fallacy

Question 8

What are the Kinds of Fallacy?

Answer 8

• Informal Fallacies
• Formal Fallacies

Question 9

are errors in reasoning due to solely to an incorrect form or structure of an argument.

Answer 9

Formal Fallacies

Question 10

also known as material fallacies, are errors in reasoning due solely to an anomaly or defect in the content of an argument.

Answer 10

Informal Fallacies

Question 11

What are the Types of Informal Fallacies?

Answer 11

Fallacies of Ambiguity
Fallacies of Relevance
Fallacies of Presumption

Question 12

referring to fallacies in which the error in reasoning is brought about by occurrence of ambiguous terms whose meaning are confused in an argument.

Answer 12

Fallacies of Ambiguity

Question 13

referring to fallacies in which the error in reasoning is brought about by the irrelevance of the premise/s to the conclusion of an argument.

Answer 13

Fallacies of Relevance

Question 14

referring to fallacies in which the error in reasoning is brought about by occurrence of complex or loaded expressions whose assumptions are questioned or have not yet been proven to be true.

Answer 14

Fallacies of Presumption

Question 15

Fallacies of Ambiguity

Answer 15

• Equivocation
• Composition
• Division

Question 16

Fallacies of Relevance

Answer 16

Argument from Ignorance
Appeal to Inappropriate Authority
Appeal to the Person
Appeal to Pity
Appeal to Popular Will
Appeal to Force

Question 17

Fallacies of Presumption

Answer 17

Complex Question
Post Hoc
Petition Principii
Accident
Hasty Generalization

Question 18

It is committed when several meanings of a word or phrase become confused in the context of one argument.

Answer 18

Equivocation

Question 19

It is committed when one reasons from the qualities of the parts of a whole to the qualities to the whole itself.

Answer 19

Composition

Question 20

It is a reverse composition, is committed when one reasons from the qualities of a whole to the qualities of the parts of the whole.

Answer 20

Division

Question 21

It is committed when it is argued that a proposition is true simply on the basis that it has not been proven false, or that it is false because it has not proven true.

Answer 21

Argument from Ignorance

Question 22

It is committed when one appeals to an authority whose field of expertise does not include the nature of the conclusion being established.

Answer 22

Appeal to Inappropriate Authority

Question 23

It is committed when one applies a general rule to individual cases, which, because of their special or accidental nature, the general rule does not properly apply.

Answer 23

Accident

Question 24

It is committed when one appeals to force, often subtly, to cause the acceptance of a conclusion.

Answer 24

Appeal to Force

Question 25

It is committed when one evaluates an argument by means of citing something the person who asserts the said argument.

Answer 25

Appeal to the Person

Question 26

It is committed when one asks a question that contains unproven assumptions.

Answer 26

Complex Question

Question 27

It is committed when reasoning is circular in that the conclusion is already assumed in the premises.

Answer 27

Begging the Question

Question 28

It is committed when one attributes a wrong cause to something, which is often due to a mere temporal succession of two events.

Answer 28

False Cause