Lesson 6- Explanation of Forgetting (Absence of Cues) Flashcards
What is the Absence on Cues Theory?
Absence of Cues Theory- another explanation of forgetting- info stored in LTM but ✖️ be retrieved due to lack of cues- info often stored with cues … necessary to recall
— Retrieval failure due to lack of accessibility over availability- memory there but info required to retrieve isn’t
What is the Encoding Specificity Principle?
Encoding specificity principle- cues help retrieval if same cues present when we learn & retrieval info
— ⬆️ closer the cue to original = ⬆️ effective trigger
What are the 2 types of cues?
1) Cues linked meaningfully to info remembered
2) Cues ✖️ linked meaningfully to info remembered BUT relate to context e.g. weather☀️ (context-dependent cue) or relate to mental state when info remembered e.g. drunk 🥴 (state dependent)
Who investigated evidence for the encoding specificity principle and when?
Tulving & Pearlstone (1966)
What did Tulving and Pearlstone do?
1) Pps had to recall 48 words- belonged to 1 of 12 categories
2) Each words category presented & then the actual word
What did Tulving & Pearlstone find?
1) If cue present at recall then 60% recall of 48 words
2) If cue ✖️ present at recall then 40% recall of 48 words
… encoding specificity principle supported as info retrieval better when cues available to trigger LTM
What is context-dependent forgetting?
Context-dependent Forgetting- environment during recall different to environment during learning-> forgetting
Who investigated evidence for context-dependent forgetting and when?
Godden & Baddeley (1975):
What did Godden & Baddeley do?
18 divers asked to learn list of 36 non-related words in 4 conditions:
1) Learn & recall on beach 🏖
2) Learn on beach 🏖 BUT recall under water 💦
3) Learn under water 💦 BUT recall on 🏖
4) Learn & recall under water 💦
What did Godden & Baddeley find?
1) Recall better when environment same & worse when environment different
What are the evaluation points for Godden & Baddeley’s study?
👎- Baddeley argues context effects ✖️ 💪 in real life- context must be very different (💦 or 🏖)- rarely happens in real life- … suggests other factors responsible for forgetting apart from context
👎- Context dependent forgetting depends on how memory tested- pps asked if words recognised- found no difference in performance unlike free recall of words
What is State-dependent forgetting?
State-dependent Forgetting- mood/physiological state during recall different to mood/physiological state during learning-> forgetting
Who investigated evidence for state-dependent forgetting and when?
Carter & Cassaday (1998)
What did Carter & Cassaday do?
Gave pps in certain groups anti-histamines (drugs to control hay fever- make pps feel drowsy 💤)
Pps told to learn list of words in 4 conditions:
1. Learn & recall with drug 💊 taken
2. Learn with drug 💊 BUT recall without
3. Learn without BUT recall with drug 💊
4. Learn & recall without
What did Carter & Cassaday find?
1) Pps recalled best when internal state (physiological) the same
… shows that when internal cues absent- forgetting ⬆️ likely
