Lesson 6 (Ethics) Flashcards
Vulnerable participants
Children under 16
learning or comunication difficulties
people in care
people in custody or on probation
people engaged in illegal activities
Informed consent
Participants have full knowledge of the possible consequences of the study they have chosen to take part in.
If participants have been decieved, they cannot give valid consent
From a vulnerable participant, consent must be given by their legal guardian as they may not understand the reason the reason for research, and cannot give consent.
Dealing with informed consent
Prior general consent
presumptive consent
debrief
Right to withdraw
Participants have the right to withdraw themselves and their data at any time, especially if they have been decieved.
Protection from psychological/physical harm
risk of harm should not be greater than the standard amount of risk someone would face in their everyday life.
No participant should leave the study in a worst state which they entered.
No participant shpuld feel humiliated, embarassed or have a lower self esteem
Privacy
Particioants do not need to be asked to be observed unless in a situation they would not expect to be observed by a stranger as an everyday occurance
Confidentiality: data protection
Anonymity: Researchers should not record the names of any participants, instead they should use numbers or false names,
Data storage: All data should be stored in locked cabinites and accessed only by the researchers involved in the study
Animal rights
Research on animals is allowed if harm is minimal and are benefits to humans
Research is banned on great apes
Replacement: animals should be replaced with alternatives when possivble
Reduction: Number of animals shoukd be reduced to a minimum
Refinement: Methods used in breeding, accomodation and care must be refined to reduce pain, suffering and lasting harm
Milgram aim:
How far would people goin obeying an instruction if it involved harming another person?
Milgram procedures:
Volounteers recruited, told it was investigating learning.
A confederate acted as the ‘learner’ and the participant as the ‘teacher’. Learned had to learn a list of word pairs. Everytime the learner read out an incorrect word, the teacher had to administer a shock, increasing in voltage with every wrong answer.
Verbal prods were given:
Please continue
The experiment requires you to continue
Its essential that you continue
You have no other choice but to continue
Milgram results
65% of participants continued to the highest level of 450.
All participants continued to 300 volts
Conclusion: people tend to obey orders from other people, regardless if they recognise their authority
Milgram aftermath
Participants were exposed to stressful situations. Many were sisibly distressed
- trembling, sweating , stuttering, nevous laughter
- 3 participants had uncontrolable seizures
