Lesson 6 Flashcards

Selfhood, Conditioning, Reinforcement and Punishment

1
Q

approach to psychology which emphasizes that all behaviors are learned through
interaction with environment

A

Behaviorism

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2
Q

father of behaviorism

A

John B. Watson

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3
Q

all __________________ are learned through
interaction with environment

A

behaviors

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4
Q

Some assumptions of behaviorism

Behavior is the result of _________________________

A

stimulus-response

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5
Q

Some assumptions of behaviorism

Behavior is learned from the ____________

A

environment

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6
Q

Some assumptions of behaviorism

_____________ should be seen as a science

A

Psychology

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7
Q

Some assumptions of behaviorism

Behaviorism is primarily concerned with ______________ ______________

A

observable behavior

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8
Q

process of acquiring, through experience, new and relatively enduring information or
behaviors

A

learning

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9
Q

Two types of conditioning

A
  1. Classical conditioning
  2. Operant conditioning
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10
Q

A learning process that occurs when an association is formed between a previously neutral
stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus

A

Classical conditioning

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11
Q

Discovered by Ivan Pavlov

A

Classical conditioning

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12
Q

a Russian physiologist and a Nobel Prize winner in Physiology or
Medicine in 1904 for his research on the digestive system

A

Ivan Pavlov

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13
Q

stimulus that elicits no response (NR)

A

Neutral stimulus (NS)

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14
Q

stimulus that naturally elicits a response

A

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

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15
Q

response that is naturally elicited by the UCS

A

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

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16
Q

process where a previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with
an unconditioned stimulus through repeated pairings

A

Acquisition

17
Q

neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response
because it has been associated with a UCS

A

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

18
Q

response often similar to UCR that is elicited by the CS

A

Conditioned response (CR)

19
Q

John B. Watson’s classical conditioning study involving a 9-month-old baby who was
classically conditioned to fear white rats which later on generalized to other furry
animals and objects

A

Little Albert Study

20
Q

Classical Conditioning in real life

A

Conditioned emotional responses
Food aversion
Advertising

21
Q

Classical Conditioning in real life

development of nausea or an aversive response to a par􀆟cular
taste/food because that taste/food was initially followed by a nauseous reaction

A

Food aversion

22
Q

Learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences
to responses

A

Operant Conditioning

23
Q

Major proponent of operant conditioning who is an American psychologist

A

Burrhus Frederic (B.F.) Skinner

24
Q

B.F. Skinner developed ___________________ to study the effects of consequences on behavior

A

Skinner’s box

25
Q

process that strengthens the response or makes it more likely to occur again

A

Reinforcement

26
Q

when a pleasant consequence follows a response, making the response more likely to occur again

A

Positive reinforcement

27
Q

a principle which states that a more desirable behavior is
used to entice a person to engage in a productive but less enjoyable activity

A

Premack principle

28
Q

when a response is followed by the removal of
something unpleasant, making the response more likely to occur again

A

Negative reinforcement

29
Q

process that weakens a response or makes less likely to occur again

A

Punishment

30
Q

when the response is followed by an unpleasant stimulus
making the response less likely to occur again

A

Positive punishment

30
Q

when the response is followed by the removal of a
pleasant stimulus making the response less likely to occur again

A

Negative Punishment

31
Q

techniques used to try to increase or decrease certain behaviors

A

Behavior modification

32
Q

behavior modification technique that involves rewarding
successive approximations to a target behavior

A

Shaping