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Cognitive Neuroscience > Lesson 5 > Flashcards

Lesson 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Translation of external information (light, sound, touch, odor, time) into neural codes

A

sensation

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2
Q

The organization and interpretation of sensations into a coherent percept of the world

A

perception

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3
Q

Cells specialized to detect certain kinds of
stimuli

A

sensory receptors

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4
Q

Process for converting physical stimulus energy into electrochemical messages for transmission as nerve impulses to the brain

A

transduction

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5
Q

what are the two sensory areas we have in the brain?

A

primary and secondary

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6
Q

All sensory inputs reach cortex via the thalamus
except for _______

A

olfaction

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7
Q

Bees perceive distinct color patterns on flowers that are invisible to the human eye. Why is that?

A

The color patterns are in ultraviolet light, which humans cannot see

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8
Q

vision begins where and with what?

A

at the eye with sensation

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9
Q

electromagnetic energy that travels in waveforms that have intensity and wavelength

A

light

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10
Q

intensity is related to what?

A

brightness

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11
Q

wavelength is related to what?

A

colors

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12
Q

distance in crest between two waves - relates to perceived color

A

wavelength

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13
Q

what type of cells are located in the retina (the back part of the eye)?

A

photoreceptors

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14
Q

how much types of photoreceptors are there in the eye? what are they?

A

2; RODS and CONES

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15
Q

high-sensitivity, but low-resolution vision (poor acuity),
no color (black & white), good for low-light conditions

A

RODS

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16
Q

good for high-resolution vision, and for color vision

A

CONES

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17
Q

Where are cones most concentrated in?

A

the fovea

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18
Q

where are rods absent from?

A

the fovea

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19
Q

true or false? if false, correct the statement

both rods and cones exist in the blind spot of the eye

A

False; No receptors at all exist in the blind spot

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20
Q

true or false? if false, correct the statement

there are actually many pathways from the eye to the brain

A

true

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21
Q

what principle aligns with there being a gradual decline in the reaction to any stimulus if the stimulus persists unchanged

A

adaptation

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22
Q

Sensory systems respond more to change in _______

A

stimulation

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23
Q

what type of cells don’t respond to light/dark per se, but local transitions from light to dark, or dark to light (i.e., edges)

A

retinal ganglion cells

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24
Q

bright in the center and dark in the immediate surround elicits strongest increase in activity

A

on-center

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25
Q

dark in the center and bright in the immediate surround elicits strongest increase in activity

A

off-center

26
Q

Left visual field images are communicated to ____ visual cortex.

A

right

27
Q

Right visual field images are communicated to ____ visual cortex.

A

left

28
Q

Contra Eye: Layers ___,____ & ___

A

1, 4 & 6

29
Q

Ipsi Eye: Layers ____, ____ & ___

A

2, 3 & 5

30
Q

some ‘vision’ via a subcortical visual pathway

A

blindsight

31
Q

Perception combines ____ stimuli (bottom-up)
and ______ (top-down)

A

visual; expectations

32
Q

what is one “rule” the visual system use to arbitrate between possible interpretations?

A

“non-accidental view”
(the one that’s simplest, most probable, as opposed to least probable)

33
Q

When in visual processing do ‘top down’ processes influence perception?

A

Attention to regions of space can alter or enhance responding in V1 (and even LGN), but the response properties are the same

34
Q

what area responses to ‘illusory’ lines?

A

V2

35
Q

what areas have dorsal and ventral components, after which the visual pathways split?

A

V2 and V3

36
Q
A
37
Q

The highest density of ________, or color-sensitive photoreceptors, can be found in the ________ of the retina.

A

cones; fovea

38
Q

Due to a defect in one type of photoreceptor, Sheena has poor vision at night, when light levels are relatively low. Which type of photoreceptor is defective?

A

rod

39
Q

The primary visual pathway is best described as

A

retina –> optic nerve –> optic chiasm –> thalamus –> occipital lobe

40
Q

the “what” pathway is located in the

A

temporal lobe

41
Q

the “where” pathway is located in the

A

parietal

42
Q

V4 is important in

A

shape and color perception

43
Q

V5 is important in

A

movement perception

44
Q

V4 color vision depends on what two things?

A

wavelength (cones) and luminance (or presumed luminance)

45
Q

how can we assess functional role of visual areas?

A

by examining behavior in patients with lesions that result in specific deficits in perception.

46
Q

what disorder impairs motion perception due to cortical damage? where do they have damage?

A

Akinetopsia; damage in V5

47
Q

Impaired color perception due to cortical damage

A

Achromatopsia

48
Q

what does the dorsal pathway of vision offer us?

A

-Where/How computations
-Spatial perception
-Dynamics/motion
-Vision for action

49
Q

what does the lateral pathway of vision offer us?

A

-What computations
-Shape, color, texture
-Object recognition
-Object categorization:
-Links with memory

50
Q

Optic ataxia is impairment of visually guided reaching despite normal object recognition.
Impaired vision for action. What type of lesion would a patient have?

A

dorsal lesion

51
Q

Visual agnosia (without knowledge) is impairments in object recognition/spared action vision also, impaired vision for color.What type of lesion would a patient have?

A

Ventral lesion

52
Q

Brain regions selectively responding to faces

A

Fusiform Face Area

53
Q

what do patients have difficulty with when there is damage to the Fusiform Face Area

A

recognizing faces

54
Q

area that responses to body parts

A

EBA, extrastriate body area

55
Q

area that responses to objects and shapes

A

LOC, lateral occipital complex, and IT, inferior temporal, cortex in general

56
Q

area that responses to places

A

PPA, parahippocampal place area

57
Q

area that responses to faces

A

FFA, fusiform face area; FFB, fusiform body area

58
Q

Which of the following is a brain region that would likely be implicated in processing spatial relations in an outdoor scene?

A

the parahippocampal place area (PPA)

59
Q

With regard to the two main output pathways from the occipital lobe, ________ is to ________ as dorsal is to ventral.

A

“where”; “what”

60
Q

If you were to conduct a single-cell recording from a neuron in the MT region of the extrastriate visual cortex, you would probably find that the cell fires most vigorously to a

A

bar of light that moves across the cell’s receptive field.

Cognitive Neuroscience (8 decks)

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