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Cognitive Neuroscience > Exam 3: Ch 11-14 > Flashcards

Exam 3: Ch 11-14 Flashcards

1
Q

Classical Language Processing Model

A

Traditional view that emphasizes specific brain regions for processing, primarily Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

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2
Q

Mental Lexicon

A

Cognitive storage system that organizes linguistic information in a semantic network structure

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3
Q

Components of Mental Lexicon

A

Word form, syntactic information, and conceptual knowledge

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4
Q

Main Challenge in Speech Perception

A

Continuous speech lacks clear physical word boundaries

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5
Q

Coarticulation

A

Process where words blend together in continuous speech, making segmentation difficult

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6
Q

Speech Perception Strategies

A

Prosody, syllable stress analysis, and contextual information processing

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7
Q

Primary Areas of Acoustic Processing

A

Main auditory cortex and regions sensitive to tones, speech sounds, and word recognition

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8
Q

Sensitivity Gradient in Language Processing

A

Range from low sensitivity in prefrontal cortex to high sensitivity in superior temporal sulcus

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9
Q

Selfridge Model Components

A

System that analyzes letter features to identify best-matched letters

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10
Q

McLelland and Rumelhart Model Layers

A

Feature layer, letter layer, and word layer working in an integrated system

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11
Q

Speech Segmentation Example

A

How “What do you mean?” appears as one continuous sound rather than separate words

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12
Q

Recent Research Development

A

Shows language processing is more complex than initially theorized by classical models

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13
Q

Category-Specific Processing

A

Unique feature of mental lexicon that supports specialized language understanding

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14
Q

Brain Regions for Speech Sound Analysis

A

Areas specifically dedicated to processing general tones and speech sounds

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15
Q

Pattern Recognition Challenge

A

Why letter features alone are insufficient for complete word comprehension

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16
Q

Visual Word Form Area (VWFA)

A

A brain region specialized in word recognition with strong connectivity to language networks

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17
Q

EEG Language Response - N400

A

Brain’s response indicating semantic processing and meaning integration

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18
Q

EEG Language Response - P600

A

Brain’s response associated with syntactic processing and grammatical structure

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19
Q

Speech and Word Processing Components

A

Combination of distinct neural networks and overlapping processing regions in the brain

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19
Q

Context-Dependent Language

A

Process where individual words are interpreted within the broader linguistic environment

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20
Q

Language Processing Location

A

Dynamic, interconnected brain networks rather than strictly localized regions

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21
Q

Neural Integration in Language

A

Combination of acoustic processing, visual pattern recognition, and semantic/syntactic context

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22
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

Language disorder affecting speech production and grammar

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23
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Language disorder affecting comprehension and meaningful content

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24
Q

Orthographic to Phonological Conversion

A

Process of transforming written text into spoken language

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25
Q

Semantic Violation Example

A

Words that create meaning inconsistency in context (like “lunch tomorrow night”)

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26
Q

What is language processing?

A

A complex cognitive system enabling rapid communication through multiple levels of analysis

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26
Q

What are the five levels of language analysis?

A

Sounds, Words, Sentence structure, Discourse context, World knowledge

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27
Q

What is the Mental Lexicon?

A

A mental store of linguistic information containing semantic, syntactic, and word form information

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28
Q

What types of information does semantic memory store?

A

Word meanings, word combinations, and visual/sound/gesture patterns

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29
Q

How many words are in the average English mental lexicon?

A

Approximately 50,000 words

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30
Q

How quickly can word recognition occur?

A

Less than 500 milliseconds

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31
Q

What are the key characteristics of the Mental Lexicon?

A

Fast word recognition, not organized like a dictionary, and dynamic system that can add/forget/prioritize words

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32
Q

What are the four types of linguistic information in semantic networks?

A

Phonological, Morphological, Semantic, and Syntactic

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33
Q

How are words organized in the mental lexicon?

A

In interconnected semantic networks where conceptually similar words are closer together

34
Q

What was significant about Elizabeth Warrington’s studies?

A

Discovered patients with selective naming difficulties for specific categories

35
Q

What are the three main categories of semantic organization?

A

Living Things, Man-made Objects, and Persons

36
Q

How is the category of Living Things processed?

A

Processed differently from other categories according to Warrington studies

37
Q

How are Man-made Objects processed?

A

Through distinct neural processing shown by neuroimaging research

38
Q

What is category-specific deficit?

A

A condition where patients struggle to name specific categories of objects while retaining ability to name others

38
Q

What characterizes the processing of Person-related information?

A

Unique neural activation patterns demonstrated by PET scan studies

39
Q

Brain Region for Person Naming

A

The temporal pole

40
Q

Brain Region for Animal Naming

A

Middle inferior temporal gyri

41
Q

Brain Region for Tool Naming

A

Posterior inferior temporal gyrus

42
Q

Word Knowledge in Average Adult

A

10,000-20,000 words

43
Q

Word Processing Speed

A

Can recognize and produce approximately 3 words per second

44
Q

Key Characteristics of Language Learning

A

Children acquire it naturally without explicit instruction

45
Q

Primary Challenges in Language Research

A

Linguistic complexity, semantic ambiguity, and multiple processing levels

46
Q

Evidence of Categorical Brain Organization

A

Brain lesion locations correspond to specific naming deficits

47
Q

Mental Lexicon Definition

A

The collective store of information about semantics, syntax, orthography, and phonology

48
Q

Processing Theory Components

A

Involves both sensory-perceptual and functional information processing

49
Q

Network Organization Principle

A

Words with stronger associations have shorter distances between them

50
Q

Language Processing Speed

A

Rapid integration of multiple linguistic information types simultaneously

51
Q

What is language lateralization?

A

The predominant processing of language in the left hemisphere of the brain

52
Q

What percentage of right-handed individuals show left-hemisphere language processing?

A

96%

53
Q

What percentage of left-handed individuals show left-hemisphere language processing?

A

76%

54
Q

What is the Wada Test used for?

A

Anesthetizes one hemisphere to determine language laterality by looking at BOLD signaling

55
Q

What is the Silent Word Generation Task?

A

A method where subjects generate words silently to map brain activation

56
Q

What is aphasia?

A

A language comprehension or production deficit following brain damage

57
Q

What percentage of stroke patients experience aphasia?

A

40%

58
Q

What are the main characteristics of Broca’s Aphasia?

A

Difficulty producing words, limited to single words or short sentences, but understand what they want to say

59
Q

What is agrammatism?

A

Deficits in processing grammatical aspects of language, particularly in Broca’s Aphasia

60
Q

How do Broca’s Aphasia patients handle complex syntax?

A

They have difficulty understanding sentences with complex structure, like passive voice

61
Q

What is a key symptom of function word usage in Broca’s Aphasia?

A

Omission of function words like “the” or “to”

62
Q

What are the main characteristics of Wernicke’s Aphasia?

A

Trouble comprehending language, fluent but nonsensical speech, unaware of errors

63
Q

What is Anomic Aphasia?

A

A condition where patients have difficulty naming objects but can describe their function

64
Q

How does the chair example demonstrate Anomic Aphasia?

A

Patient cannot name a chair but can describe its uses (sitting, napping)

65
Q

What is Agraphia?

A

The inability to write due to motor dysfunction or spelling inability

66
Q

What is Dysarthria?

A

A motor speech disorder involving muscle control problems in speech production

67
Q

What is Alexia?

A

The inability to read while maintaining ability to spell and write

68
Q

Where is Broca’s Area located?

A

Left inferolateral prefrontal cortex (pars opercularis, pars triangularis)

69
Q

What are the three main functions of Broca’s Area?

A

Speech production, motor images of words, and syntactic processing

70
Q

What is the Cookie Theft Picture Test?

A

A diagnostic tool where patients with Broca’s aphasia attempt to describe a picture, revealing speech production difficulties

71
Q

How can Broca’s area be studied experimentally?

A

Through transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) disruption

72
Q

Wernicke’s Area Location

A

Posterior third of left superior temporal gyrus

73
Q

Classical Model Limitation

A

Recent studies show language processing involves broader networks, not just specific regions

74
Q

Components of Language Processing Network

A

Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area, inferior frontal cortex, superior temporal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus, arcuate fasciculus

75
Q

Global Aphasia Cause

A

Results from damage to the entire language processing network, affecting both speech and comprehension

76
Q

Broca’s Historical Cases Revelation

A

High-resolution MRI showed more extensive brain damage and lesions beyond originally identified regions

77
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia Characteristics

A

Patients show intact semantic priming but struggle with integrating words into sentence context

78
Q

Simple vs Complex Syntax

A

Simple involves basic sentence structures, while complex includes reversible passives and relative clauses

79
Q

Language Processing Modern View

A

A distributed cognitive function involving multiple brain regions and intricate processing networks

80
Q

Agrammatic Aphasia

A

Condition where patients have difficulty using syntax to interpret sentence meaning

81
Q

Speech Comprehension Center

A

Area responsible for processing auditory images of words and understanding spoken language

82
Q

Language Deficit Post Brain Injury

A

General term for impairments in language comprehension and production following brain trauma

Cognitive Neuroscience (8 decks)

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