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Cognitive Neuroscience > Lesson 2 > Flashcards

Lesson 2 Flashcards

1
Q

There are so many things that your mind and brain does. Can you name three?

A
  • sense, perceive, understand the world
  • learn and remember
  • plan, organize, and perform complex actions
  • love, hate, fear, appreciate music
  • strive for world peace
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2
Q

What is the brain made of?

A

89 billion cells called neurons, the wiring that connects them and alot of glial cells

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3
Q

what are the molecules called that are present in your brain?

A

neurotransmitters

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4
Q

What are the cells of the brain called?

A

neurons

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5
Q

what is a collections of neurons called?

A

assemblies or neural circuits

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6
Q

what do larger collections of neurons make up?

A

brain areas

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7
Q

Brain areas connect to each other in _______ forming _________

A

networks; neural systems

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8
Q

fill in the blanks

A
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9
Q

where does the communication between other neurons occur?

A

the terminal buttons

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10
Q

What kind of process is neural activity?

A

an electro-chemical process

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11
Q

which part of neural activity refers to the flow of ions
(charged particles) in/out of the cell, or through the cell?

A

the electrical part

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12
Q

which part of neural activity refers to the flow of
neurotransmitters between neurons?

A

the chemical part

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13
Q

what are the key ions for a neuron membrane?

A

sodium (Na+)
potassium (K+)
chloride (Cl-)

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14
Q

what is the charged value of the neuron membrane?

A

-70mv

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15
Q

what is something a neuron membrane is able to do that involves ions?

A

is able to decide what to keep in and out of the cell

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16
Q

how do you describe a neuron membrane?

A

semi-permeable

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17
Q

what is the resting membrane potential?

A

the difference in charge across the membrane at equilibrium (about -70mv)

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18
Q

what are the three stages of computation in a neuron?

A

stage 1: input stage
stage 2: “processing” stage
stage 3: output stage

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19
Q

between two neurons, there is a ______ where the axon of one neuron connects to the dendrite of another neuron

A

synapse

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20
Q

the neuron before the synapse is called?

A

presynaptic neuron

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21
Q

the neuron after the synapse is called?

A

postsynaptic neuron

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22
Q

what do we called when a neuron fires?

A

the action potential

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23
Q

before a transmitter release the postsynaptic neuron is ___ at rest

A

polarized meaning it has a negative charge

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24
Q

after a transmitter release, ion channels are influenced and the postsynaptic cell has been _____

A

depolarized meaning it ends up with a less negative charge

25
Q

What type of potential describes when the cell is less polarized because it has a less negative charge?

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

26
Q

What type of potential describes when the cell can also become more polarized so it has a more negative charge?

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

27
Q

What is the word for when a cell is less polarized?

A

depolarized

28
Q

What is the word for when a cell is more polarized?

A

hyper polarized

29
Q

Why is depolarization is excitation?

A

because it makes it more likely the cell will reach threshold (e.g., -50mv) and trigger an action potential

30
Q

Why is hyperpolarized inhibition?

A

because it makes it less likely the cell will reach threshold and transmit a signal (via an action potential)

31
Q

What are examples of excitatory neurotransmitters?

A

ACh, catecholamines, glutamate, serotonin

32
Q

What are examples of inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A

GABA, glycine, some peptides

33
Q

How do neurotransmitters fit post-synaptic receptors?

A

in a ‘lock and key’ fashion

34
Q

True or False? if false, correct the statement

specific neurotranmitters fit with specific receptors

A

true

35
Q

What are the four steps of the input stage?

A
  1. Presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft
  2. Neurotransmitters bind with receptor of the post-synaptic cell in a lock and key fashion
    3.Ion channels in the post-synaptic cell open at the receptor site allowing specific ions to enter the cell
  3. Depending on the neurotransmitter and receptor, post-synaptic cell becomes depolarized or hyperpolarized
36
Q

Fill in the blank:
the right neurotransmitter must be with the right ____to have influence on the post-synaptic cell

A

Receptor

37
Q

Fill in the blank:

The synapse is where the ____
of one neuron connects to the ____ of another neuron

A

terminal button; dendrite

38
Q

Where do signals from other neurons enter?

A

dendrites

39
Q

What stage matches this description: many “signals” come in at the dendrites

A

the input stage

40
Q

What stage matches this description: signals summate, adding and canceling, possibly reaching critical threshold within the cell body

A

the “processing” stage

41
Q

What stage matches this description: if the input is strong enough (exceeds threshold) then the neuron passes the
signal along via it’s axon

A

Output stage

42
Q

where does evaluation process happen? with importance to which region?

A

the cell body; the axon hillock

43
Q

As more information comes into the post synaptic neuron?

A

the overall charge of the neuron increases

44
Q

When the threshold of -50mv is reached, what happens?

A

voltage sensitive gates
open up, triggering a
positive spike in voltage
(an “action potential”)

45
Q

Which region of the neruon is where the axon connects to the cell body?

A

axon hillock

46
Q

What word is defined as the value of the membrane potential?

A

the threhold

47
Q

What word is defined as a dramatic change in voltage to a
positive potential (+40mv),
to below resting potential,
then back to resting
potential (-70mv)

A

the action potential

48
Q

True or false? if false, correct the statement
Action potentials do vary in strength, but can’t vary in rate

A

False; action potentials do not vary in strength, but they can vary in rate

49
Q

True or false? if false, correct the statement

All-or-none is defined as the value of the action potential is always the same, regardless of the
amplitude of the depolarizing current

A

true

50
Q

True or false? if false, explain why

A threshold of -50mv is a weak action potential and a threshold of -30mv is a strong action potential

A

action potential don’t vary in strength. there are no “strong” or “weak” action potentials

51
Q

Fill in the blank:

Signals are transmitted along the ______, until they reach _______,
where they connect to the next ______

A

axon; terminal buttons; neuron

52
Q

True or false? if false, explain why

When more information is coming in resulting in more frequent action potentials, this is an example of the rate changes and is not characterized by strengths

A

true, actions potential aren’t characterized as strong or weak but the rates can change

53
Q

what is the purpose of myelin sheath?

A

provides electrical insulation, alters the flow of current
down the axon

54
Q

Since action potentials cannot be generated where there are myelin sheaths, where do action potentials happen?

A

the nodes of Ranvier, breaks in the myelin sheaths

55
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

in myelinated action potentials “jump” from node to node, enabling fast propagation of the signal down the axon, with a signal that never loses strength at any distance

56
Q

During saltatory conduction, does a signal lose strength at any distance?

A

No

57
Q

What is the threshold reached at the axon hillock to open voltage sensitive gates and trigger an action potential?

A

-50mv

58
Q

True or false? if false explain why

An action potential triggered by a value of membrane potential of -35mv is stronger than an action potential triggered by a membrane potential of -50mv

A

false; action potentials aren’t described as strong or weak

Cognitive Neuroscience (8 decks)

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