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Cognitive Neuroscience > Lesson 4 > Flashcards

Lesson 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The field of ________ is based on the idea that perception and thought employ mental representations that undergo transformations as they are used.

A

cognitive psychology

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2
Q

What are the two possible errors in causal reasoning from a correlation?

A

wrong direction
missing third variable

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3
Q

what are the 4 methods for measuring the brain?

A

lesion, stimulation activation/deactivation, electrophysiological/magnetic recordings, brain imaging

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4
Q

what is a lesion study?

A

Psychological/behavioral testing of patients with neurological
disorders or damage to understand the organization
of mind and brain

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5
Q

what are two types of lesion study cases?

A

single case studies
group studies

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6
Q

what do lesion studies establish?

A

Establish nature of impairments following focal
lesions

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7
Q

true or false? if false, correct the statement

as a scientist, you can perform a single and or a double disassociation

A

true

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8
Q

what do patient’s with lesion in Broca’s area experience?

A

difficulty processing language; could understand language well but had trouble speaking fluently

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9
Q

what do patient’s with lesion in Wernicke’s area experience?

A

difficulty comprehending information/language; could speak fluently but words meant nothing

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10
Q

what are the advantages of lesion studies?

A
  • “Natural experiment”: suggests causal role for brain
    area in particular cognitive function.
  • Double dissociations provide strong evidence for
    separable processes (e.g. Broca’s versus Wernicke’s,
    production vs. comprehension)
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11
Q

what are the disadvantages of lesion studies?

A

-Not a controlled experiment
-Damage not always localized; many functions can be
impaired
-Neuropsychological tests based on narrow demographic
samples
-Can you make inferences about normal function?
-Plasticity, recovery (repaired brain not = normal brain)

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12
Q

how would you perform a temporary “lesions”? (2 ways talked about in lecture)

A

cortical stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation

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13
Q

this image is an example of _____

A

cortical stimulation

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14
Q

this image is an example of _____

A

deep brain stimulation

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15
Q

what was the work of Wilder Penfield? What was his contribution to the field?

A

used electrical stimulation to map out functions for different areas in the brain

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16
Q

what happens during transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)? who can TMS be done on?

A

Magnetic field outside the skull induces electric field inside skull that can disrupt normal brain activity; on healthy voluntary humans

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17
Q

what are the advantages of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

A

-high spatial resolution
-high temporal resolution (very brief)
-can be used repeatedly
-provides information about causal role of brain area in particular
perceptual/cognitive/motor function

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18
Q

what are the disadvantages of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

A

-mainly restricted to brain regions close to the skull (you cant reach deep brain areas like the hippocampus)

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19
Q

True or false? if false, correct the statement

you can measure causation with TMS

A

true

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20
Q

what happens during electrophysiological recordings (EEG)?

A

an investigator measures response properties of single cells by inserting a thin electrodes into an animal’s (or human’s) brain and record extracellularly to determine which experimental
manipulations change the cell’s response

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21
Q

What is event-related potential (ERP)?

A

the measurement of a specific event and see how it changes relative to another event

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22
Q

what happens during magnetoencephalography (MEG)?

A

measures magnetic signals generated by neural activity

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23
Q

what are the advantages of EEG and MEG?

A
  • usually non-invasive
    -high temporal resolution
    -can be used repeatedly
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24
Q

what are the disadvantages of EEG and MEG?

A

-poor spatial resolution, don’t always know where signal is generated

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25
Q

The technique known as ________ can be used to induce virtual lesions in humans.

A

TMS (transcranial megnetic stimulation)

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26
Q

What is an advantage of MEG (magnetoencephalography) over EEG (electroencephalography)?

A

With MEG, magnetic fields are not distorted by brain tissue and the skull so there is better localization

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27
Q

For a researcher to provide evidence that a brain area and cognitive function are associated, they could use a _____________ dissociation, however, to provide more substantial evidence about the function and function localization, they would need a ______________ dissociation.

A

single; double

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28
Q

what are the two primary functional imaging techniques used in humans?

A

positron emission tomography (PET)
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

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29
Q

what does PET imaging measure?

A

measures local variations in blood flow

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30
Q

how many tasks are given during a PET scan?

A

two

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31
Q

true or false? if false, correct statement

signal is never relative to a control condition

A

false; signal is always relative to a control condition

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32
Q

what are MRIs used to study?

A

to see details of brain anatomy

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33
Q

what is one big advantage to PET scans over fMRI?

A

you can measure things like neurotransmitter function

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34
Q

what are fMRIs used to study?

A

brain function

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35
Q

what are some main points for MRIs?

A
  • strong magnetic field
  • protons align with magnetic field
  • radio wave perturbs alignment
  • detectors pick up the signal of protons returning to orientation of
    magnetic field
  • different tissues have diff densities of protons (gray/white matter)
  • changes in blood flow can also affect the local magnetic properties of
    tissue, which can be observed as changes in MRI signal (Blood
    Oxygenation Level Dependent Signal (BOLD)
36
Q

in this scan, what makes up the white matter?

A

myelinated axons

37
Q

in this scan, what makes up the gray matter?

A

cell bodies and dendrites of neurons

38
Q

what is the purpose of fMRIs?

A

An indirect measure of neural activity

39
Q

MRIs can also be called ______ MRIs

A

structural

40
Q

what is the BOLD signal?

A

blood oxygen level dependent signal

41
Q

what is the hemodynamic response function?

A

the change in blood flow

42
Q

what is an advanatge of fMRI over PET scans?

A

PET scans take 30 seconds- 1 minute while fMRI takes a few seconds

43
Q

what is common between fMRIs and PETs

A

they share a subtraction logic

44
Q

what are the advantages of fMRI?

A

-excellent spatial resolution (1 to 10 mm – PET not as good)
– Better temporal resolution (fMRI – seconds, PET – minutes; both much
worse than eeg/meg)
– Does not require injection of radioactive tracer
– More readily available to researchers broadly

45
Q

what are the advantages of PET?

A

Can assess more than blood flow (glucose metabolism, neurotransmitters)

46
Q

what are disadvantages of all functional imaging methods? (including EEG, MEG)?

A

They are essentially correlational, can show a region is more or less involved during a
task, but not that it is critical for that task

47
Q

what is diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)?

A

Method for imaging fiber tracts(white matter): direction + integrity

48
Q

what can we do with diffusion tensor imaging DTI?

A

-Each fiber tract can be represented by a different color
– We can localize different processes to their respective fiber
tracts
– Spot abnormalities found in white matter
– Great art potential

49
Q

Which neuroimaging technique involves injecting an isotope of oxygen into the bloodstream and using it to measure regional cerebral blood flow?

A

PET (positron emission tomography)

50
Q

Which of the following neuroimaging techniques involves manipulating the orientation of protons?

A

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

51
Q

cognitive neuroscience is a combination of ….

A

cognitive psychology and neuroscience

52
Q

what is the stuff of thought?

A

representations which is the content of thought and how information is stored in the mind

53
Q

how does this thinking occur?

A

Process (or operations) which is the manipulation of mental representing, how info is transformed and mental mechanisms

54
Q

what did Sternberg conclude in his experiment of short term memory?

A

scanning process appears serial rather than parallel b/c RT increases as memory set size increases

55
Q

what were two variable thats Sternberg had in his experiment?

A

an independent and dependent variables

56
Q

what do experiments allow for?

A

they allow the investigator to manipulate one variable (independent) to determine the effect on another variable (dependent) to determine the casual relationship

57
Q

________ describe the relationships between variables, but cannot determine the cause

A

correlations

58
Q

in cognitive psychology, what do experimenters prefer?

A

experimental control

59
Q

a linear relationship between two variables

A

correlation

60
Q

what kind of correlation is this?

as one variable increases, the other variable increases

A

positive correlation

61
Q

what kind of correlation is this?

as one variable increases, the other variable decreases

A

negative correlation

62
Q

what are two topics in cognitive psychology that are often confused?

A

correlation and causation

63
Q

a relationship between two variables does not tell you which variable is the ______ variable

A

causal

64
Q

direction of casusality could be …..
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. A ——> B
  2. A <—— B
  3. A <——> B
65
Q

what is sometimes missed when determining the changes in both A and B in an experiment?

A

a hidden third variable (C)

66
Q

what is the only situation of manipulations the give you the ability to determine which variable is causal?

A

only controlled experimental manipulations

67
Q

Find the word:
Disease or damage; intentional lesion – e.g., stroke;
head injury, tumor resection, experimental lesion in animals

A

Lesion

68
Q

Find the word:
Non-invasive and invasive – e.g., TMS; deep brain stimulation
with electrodes, and tools to temporarily deactivate neural
tissue (temporary lesions)

A

Stimulation
Activation/Deactivation

69
Q

Find the word:
Non-invasive and invasive – e.g., single cell recording, or other
intracranial recording; EEG, MEG (recorded from brain or scalp)

A

Electrophysiological/
Magnetic Recordings

70
Q

Find the word:
Structural and functional – e.g., PET; MRI, functional MRI;
Note: These are typically “indirect” measure of brain activity
and structure

A

brain imaging

71
Q

what are some causes of neurological/neurpsychological problems:

A

-Vascular disorders: stroke, hemorrhage
-Tumor, resection
-Degenerative disorders: Alzheimer’s (plaques & tangles), Parkinson’s (loss
of dopamine neurons), Huntington’s (basal ganglia atrophy)
-Viral infection (encephalitis), loss of oxygen (anoxia)
-Head trauma
-Epilepsy, resection of seizure focus

72
Q

what is one important thing to remember when talking about lesion studies?

A

the brain being looked at is not healthy

73
Q

what are two questions ask during lesion studies?

A

1.Whether a particular brain region is necessary for a specific
cognitive function
2.How information may be represented in the brain

74
Q

what are we looking for in patients during a lesion study?

A

a dissociation between impaired/spared cognitive processes

75
Q

fill in the blanks

A

Single; double dissociation

76
Q

fill in the blanks:

A

Left (orange): Broca’s area
Right (white): Wernicke’s area

77
Q

what happens during a PET scan?

A

a tracer is introduced to the bloodstream through injection and the PET scanner detects photons emitted from isotope. The images show blood distribution in the brain and the more “PET counts” = more radiation

78
Q

true or false? if false, correct the statement
fMRI and MRIs use the different equipment to read out different things

A

false; fMRI and MRIs use the same equipment to read out different things

79
Q

these scans are showing an example of what type of imaging?

A

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

80
Q

the BOLD signal for fMRIs are based on what fact?

A
  • Based on fact that oxygenated and deoxygenated
    blood have different magnetic properties
81
Q

these images are examples of what type of imaging?

A

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

82
Q

which variable is the manipulated one?

A

the independent variable

83
Q

which variable is the event you are evaluating?

A

the dependent variable

84
Q

what is the most common application for deep brain stimulation?

A

a treatment for Parkinson’s disease

85
Q

The technique known as ________ can be used to induce virtual lesions in humans.

A

TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)

86
Q

Which neuroimaging technique involves injecting an isotope of oxygen into the bloodstream and using it to measure regional cerebral blood flow?

A

PET (positron emission tomography)

87
Q

Which of the following neuroimaging techniques involves manipulating the orientation of protons?

A

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

Cognitive Neuroscience (8 decks)

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