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Anatomy II > Lesson 5 > Flashcards

Lesson 5 Flashcards

1
Q

How does the endocrine system regulates body processes

A

Secretes hormons that are transported to target cells via the blood or by surrounding interstinal fluids
Causes changes in the metabolic activity
Actions is relstively slow
Effects are prolonges

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2
Q

How does the nervous system regulates body processes

A

Transmits neurochemical impulses via nerve fibers
Causes muscles to contract or glands to secrete
Action is very rapid
Effects are relatively brief

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3
Q

How are the exocrine glands

A

Glandular epithelial cells forming exocrine secretions

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4
Q

Endocrine gland with follicle formations

A

Glandular epithelial cell forming hormones

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5
Q

Major endocrine organs of the body

A

Stomach
Kidney
Mucosal cell of duodendum
Placenta

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6
Q

Where are hormones produced

A

Endocrine glands

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7
Q

Why is Endocrine system unique

A

is unique in that glands are widely scattered throughout the body

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8
Q

Hormones of hypothalamus

A 
Thyrotropin releasing hormone 
Dopamine 
Growth hormone releasing hormone 
Somatostatin 
Honadotropin releasing hormon 
Oxytocin 
Vasopressin 
Corticotropin releasing hormone
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9
Q

Thyroid

A

Triiodothyronine

Thyroxine

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10
Q

Hormone in the pineal gland

A

Melatonin

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11
Q

Pituitary gland

A 
Anterior pituitary 
Growth hormones
Thyroid stimulating hormone 
Adrenocorticotropic hormone 
Lutenizing hormon 
Prolactin

Posterior pituitary
Oxytocin
Vasopressin
Antidiuretic hormone

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12
Q

Hormones of duodendum

A

Secretin

Cholecystokinin

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13
Q

Hormones of kidney

A

Renin
Erythropoietin
Clcitrol
Thrombopoietin

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14
Q

Hormones of pancres

A

Insulin
Glucacon
Somatostatin
Pancreas polypeptide

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15
Q

Adrenal glands hormones

A

Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Androgens

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16
Q

Adrenal medulla hormones

A

Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Dopamine
Enkephalin

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17
Q

Ovary hormones

A

Progesterone
Androstenedione
Estrogens
Inhibin

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18
Q

Hormones of the anterior lobe of the pituitary glands

A

Directly on tissues ( effector hornones )

  • growth hormones
  • melanocytes stimulating hormones
  • Prolactin
Glanditropic hormones 
- gonadotropins 
—follicle stimulating hormone 
— lutenizing hormone 
-non-gonadotropins 
—adrenocorticotrophic hormone ACTH 
— thyroid stimulating hormones TSH
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19
Q

Posterior pituitary ( neurohypophysis )

A

Antidiuretic hormones ADH= vasopressin
Oxytocin = stimulates milk ejection from breasts and uterin contraction
Those neurons are formed in the hypothalamus

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20
Q

Whats hypophysectomy

A

Surgical excision of pituitary

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21
Q

Tumor of pituitary

A

15% of brain tumor
Most of them are benign
Adenomas might be sectretory
They might compress optic nerve tracts and optic chiasm

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22
Q

What are the principal thyroid hormones

A

T3 = triidothyronine and T4 =thyrodine
Calcitonin

They are lipophilic hormones
They cross the cell membeane act on intracellular receptors
Increases the rates pf most chemical reactions in the

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23
Q

What are the characteristics of t3 and t4

A
  • lipophilic hormone
  • able to cross cell membranes -> act on intracellular receptor
  • increases the rates of most cellular reactions in body cells - increased metabolic rate
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24
Q

What are parathyroid glans

A

Embedded in the posterior surfaces of the lateral lobes of the thyroid
Usually 4 parathyroid glans
Secrete PTH increase blood calcium opposite calcitonin

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25
Q

What do alpha cells produce

A

Glucagon

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26
Q

What do beta cells produce

A

Insulin

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27
Q

What does glucagon do

A

Stimulates liver to break down glycogen to produce glucose

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28
Q

What’s the role of insulin

A

Decrease blood glucose levels

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29
Q

What is the consequence of failure of beta c’è;la to produce insulin

A

Diabetics mellitus

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30
Q

What are adrenal glands

A
  • paired organs that cap the superior border of the kidney
  • they are retroperitoneal organs
  • consist of an outer adrenal cortex and an inner medulla
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31
Q

What types of hormones does the adrenal cortex release

A
  • mineralocorticoids
  • glucocorticoids
  • gonadocorticoids
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32
Q

What are mineralocorticoids

A

Like aldosterone
They regulate the concentration of extra cellular electrocytes
ZONA GLOMERULOSA

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33
Q

What are glucocorticoids

A

Like cortisol

  • regulate blood glucoses
  • limit inflammation
  • physical stress involved
  • circadian blood levels
    ZONA FASCICULATA
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34
Q

What’s godanocorticoids

A

Sex hormone like DHEA

precursor of androgen and estrogen
Androgen stimulates anabolism
ZONA RETICULARIS

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35
Q

What hormones does the adrenal medulla release

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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36
Q

What is the medulla role

A

Connected with nerve fibers of the autonomic NS

Intermediate role between ANS and endocrine systems

37
Q

What is the stress hormone

A

Act on the whole body - increase of blood pressure hearth rate stroke volume respiratory

38
Q

What are gonads

A

Male and female primary sex organs
Male = testis
Female gonads = ovaries

They produce sex hormones and sex cells

39
Q

What can hormones control and regulate

A
  • enzyme activity
  • transport process
  • growth
  • secretion of hormones
40
Q

What are the kinds of hormones that derive from cholesterol or amino acids

A
  • proteins - made of amino acids
  • steroids
  • amine derived from tyrosine
41
Q

Types of hormones

A
  • releasing hormones
    Formed in hypothalamus stimulates release of hormones in the pituitary gland
  • inhibiting hormones
    Formed in hypothalamus inhibit release of hormones in the pituitary
  • glandotrope hormones
    Formed in pituitary stimulate peripheral endocrine glands to secrete somatotrope hormones
  • somatotrope effector hormones
    Direct effect on target organs
42
Q

Route of action hormones

A

Autocrin
Has an effect on the secreting cell itself
Paracrine
Reach neighbored cells of the same organ
Endocrine
Reaches cells of other organ through blood system

43
Q

Which receptors do they target

A

Extracellular receptors on target cells

Steroid and thyroid hormons via intracellular receptors

44
Q

Hormons of pituitary gland with hypophysis

A

ACHT, TSH , FSH , LH, GH, MSH, Prolactin, Oxytocin

45
Q

Pineal gland

A

Melatonin

46
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Thyroxin, triiodothyronine , calcitonin

47
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Parathormon

48
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Cortisol, aldosterone , androgen , epinephrine

49
Q

Pancreatic islet cells

A

Insulin , glucagon , somatostatin

50
Q

Ovary

A

Estrogen , progesterone

51
Q

Testes

A

Androgen

52
Q

Gastrointestinal cells

A

Gastrin, secretin , cholecystokinin

53
Q

Atria of the heart

A

ANP

54
Q

Kidney

A

Erythropoietin, renin

55
Q

Which hormons do not enter the cells

A

Proteins and amines

56
Q

Which hormones enter the cells

A

Steroid

57
Q

Who’s the central energy carrier of the body

A

Glucose

58
Q

Who’s fully glucose dependent

A

The brain and red blood cells

59
Q

What is controlled by glucose production and consumption

A

Plasma glucose concentration

60
Q

What plays a primary role in carbohydrate metabolism

A

Islets of langerhans in the pancreas

61
Q

What do alpha cells produce

A

Glucagon

62
Q

Beta cells

A

Synthetize insulin

63
Q

D cells

A

Se create somatostatin

64
Q

What are the three roles of pancreatic hormones

A
  • ensure food in stored as glycogen and fat
  • mobilize energy reserves glucagon
  • ## maintain plasma glucose concentration constant and promote growth
65
Q

What is diabetics mellitus and what does it leads to

A

Caused by absolute of relative lack of insulin , increase plasma glucose concentration

66
Q

Types of diabetics

A

Type I - insulin dependent complete lack of it

Type II - relative insulin deficiency (non insulin dependent)

67
Q

What are the main roles of insulin

A

Create energy reserves

  • promote cellular glucose uptake , stimulate protein synthesis and inhibit breakdown
68
Q

What are the chronic effects of insulin deficiency

A
  • polyneurophaty
  • cataract
  • more infections
  • raised risk of thrombosis
  • macroangiopathy
  • microangiopathy
69
Q

Where are thyroid hormones produced

A

In the spherical follicoli of the glans
Follicle cells T3 and T4
C cells calcitonin

70
Q

Where are t3 and t4 stored

A

In colloid of follicles

71
Q

What is their synthesis controlled by ?

A

By the TRH and TSH

72
Q

What does TSH do

A

Control all thyroid gland functions , including uptake of iodine
Synthesis and secretion of t3t4
Blood flow and growth of thyroid glands

73
Q

T3 and T 4 where do they bind

A

99% to plasma protein in blood

74
Q

Where is the iodine taken up from

A

Bloodstream

75
Q

What organs are affected by thyroid hormones

A

Every organ system

76
Q

Which is more potent

A

T3 is more potent than t4 3-8 times

77
Q

What is their effect

A

Increase mithocondria

Increase sodium potassium pump
Efficacy of other hormons
Stimulate growth

78
Q

What is goiter / strums

A

Diffuse or modular enlargements of the thyroid gland

79
Q

What is the most common component in T3T4

A

Iodine

80
Q

What is important for normal thyroid production

A

Intake of iodine

81
Q

What happens with inadequate levels of t3/t4

A

Lack of negative feedback
High levels of TSH
Stimulation of abnormal growth

82
Q

What is hyperthyroidism

A

Thyroid tumor leads in overproduction of thyroid hormons indipendent of TSH

83
Q

What’s hypothyroidism

A

It occurs when TSH driven thyroid enlargement is not able to compensate for hormone deficiency

84
Q

Where are cortisol and cortisone produced

A

In the fascicular zone of adrenal cortex

85
Q

How does cortisol transport happen

A

Bound to transcortin in the blood plasma

86
Q

What regulates cortisol

A

CRH and ACTH

87
Q

What is Cushing syndrome

A

Excess of adrenocorticoids
Increased plasma glucose

Inadequate ACHT due to hypophyseal tumor ‘ adrenal cortical tumor

88
Q

What disease is about deficiency of adrenocorticoids

A

Addison’s disease

89
Q

What are the effects of adrenocorticoids hormon excess

A 
Polycythemia, leukocytes is, eosipenia 
Diabetics 
Redistribution of fat 
Susceptibility of infection 
Neurophysiological disorders
Atherosclerosis 
Gastric ulcers 
Amenorrea or precocious pseudo puberty 
Renal damage 
Electrolyte disturbance

Anatomy II (9 decks)

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