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SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY > LESSON 4: PATHOLOGY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM > Flashcards

LESSON 4: PATHOLOGY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major systemic effects affecting renal function ff. injury or obstruction

A
  1. azotemia
  2. uremia
  3. plasma protein loss
  4. Water/electrolyte & acid/base imbalance
  5. Hyperthyroidism
  6. Retention of drugs
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2
Q

what is the ratio of cortex: medulla in domestic animals

A

1:2 to 1:3

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3
Q

produced in the kidneys in response to reduced oxygen tension stimulates bone marrow to produce erythrocytes

A

Erythropoietin

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4
Q

produced by cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus, stimulates the production of angiotensin that constrict afferent arterioles, maintain renal blood pressure & stimulate aldosterone secretion from adrenal glands, thus increasing sodium reabsorption

A

renin

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5
Q

this is converted in the kidney to it’s most active form, this facilitates calcium absorption by the intestine

A

Vit D

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6
Q

what is the active form of VitD

A

1,25dihydroxycholecalciferol

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7
Q

wat are the 2 renal failure?

A
  1. Azothemia
  2. Uremia
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8
Q

intravascular elevation of nitrogenous wastes

A

Azothemia

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9
Q

prescence of excess accumulation in the blood, normally eliminated in the urine that produces a severe toxic condition. Occur in severe kidney disease

A

Uremia

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10
Q

cause of death due to renal failure results from;

A
  1. cardiotoxicity of increased serum
  2. otassium
  3. metabolic acidosis
  4. pulmonary edema
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11
Q

altered calcium-phosphorus activity has what type of lesions

A

Fibrons osteodystrophy & soft tissue mineralization

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12
Q

increased erythrocyte fragility & lack of erythropoeitin production

A

Hypoplastic anemia

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13
Q

what is the mechanism of atrial & aortic thrombosis

A

endothelial & subendothelial damage

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14
Q

What is the mechanism of ulcerative & necrotic stomatitis

A

ammonia secretion in saliva & vascular necrosis

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15
Q

what is the mechanism of ulcerative & h hemorrhagic gastritis

A

Ammonia secretion & vascular necrosis

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16
Q

what is the mechanism of fibrinous pericarditis &fibrinous pericarditis

A

Increased vascular permeability

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17
Q

failure of development of one or both kidneys

A

renal aplasia

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18
Q

renal aplasia can be seen in?

A

doberman & beagle dogs

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19
Q

incomplete development of kidneys, that can be inherited by purebred or crossbred large white pigs.

A

Renal hypoplasia

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20
Q

abnormality of differentiation

A

renal dysplasia

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21
Q

misplaced from normal sub-lumbar location

A

ectopic & fused kidneys

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22
Q

is not clinically significant

A

renal cysts

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23
Q

excretion of large quantities of cystine in the urine

A

cystinuria

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24
Q

inherited in Norwegian elkhound, the capacity to reabsorbed glucose is reduced.

A

glucosuria

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25
Q

are areas of coagulative necrosis that result from ischemia of vascular occlusion usually due to thrombosis & aseptic emboli.

A

Renal infarcts

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26
Q

results from widespread thrombosis that occur in 1. glomerular capillaries
2. interlobular arteries
3. afferent arterioles in DIC

A

Renal cortical necrosis

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27
Q

this can occur in association w/ many septicemic disease & result from vasculitis or vascular necrosis

A

Renal cortical hemorrhage

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28
Q

petechiae are common in the surface/cortex in?

A
  1. hog cholera
  2. african swine fever
    3, erysipelas
  3. streptococcal infections
  4. salmonella infections
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29
Q

a result of ischemic or toxic insult to renal tubular cells

A

Nehrosis or acute tubular necrosis

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30
Q

decreased urine production

A

oliguria

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31
Q

absence of urine

A

anuria

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32
Q

cause of acute tubular necrosis

A
  1. severe hypotension w/ shock
  2. complete ischemia for 2 hours
  3. prolonged ischemia
  4. rbc stromal component toxicity
  5. mercury, lead
  6. antibacteria/fungal agents
  7. excessive/prolonged vit d. suplementation
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33
Q

are complex compementary tufts where main function is to form a filtrate of plasma excreted in the lower urinary tract as urine.

A

Glomeruli

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34
Q

protein losing nephropathy or presence of protein particularly albumin in urine. The presence of albumin inidicate damage of glomeruli.

A

proteinuria

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35
Q

damage to glomerular filtration barrier can result in renal disease

A
  1. leakage of various low molecular weight protein into glomerular filtrate/urine
  2. proteinuria
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36
Q

seen in diabetes mellitus

A

gluomerulosclerosis

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37
Q

depsits in renal glomeruli

A

amyloidosis

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38
Q

interstitial inflammation

A

tubulointerstitial nephritis

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39
Q

chronic systemic disease or fungal/mycobacterial

A

granulomatous nepritis

40
Q

renal pelvis inflammation

41
Q

inflammation of both renal pelvis & renal parenchyma, occurs common in females

A

pyelonephritis

42
Q

what are the causes of pyelonepritis

A
  1. alpha-hemolytic E. coli
  2. proteus
  3. klebsiella
  4. staph
  5. strep
43
Q

refers tom dilation of renal pelvis due to obstruction of urine output.

A

Hydronephrosis

44
Q

scarring or a chronic healing phase

A

renal fibrosis

45
Q

chronic interstitial nephritis, or the end stagekidneys or nephrosclerosis

A

fibrotic kidney

46
Q

what is the common renal neoplasm of pigs & chicken?

A

Nephoblastomas

47
Q

pervious urachus, the most common urinary bladder malfunction. Charc. by failure of the urachal remnant-umbilical arteries & veins to involute

A

Patent urachus

48
Q

concretions found in the urinary tract cystine or xanthine, struvite, carbamate, silica, urate.

A

Urinary calculi

49
Q

is the presence of stones or calculi (uroliths) in the urinary collecting system

A

urolithiasis

50
Q

obstructive/dysuria

51
Q

inflammation of urinary bladder

52
Q

inflammation of ureter

A

ureteritis

53
Q

inflammation of urethra, occurs as a result of catheter injury & calculi, charac. by congestion, obstruction, hydronephrosis & strictures.

A

urethritis

54
Q

prolonged ingestion of bracken fern

A

enzootic hematuria

55
Q

This type of cystitis is characterized by multiple masses
composed of proliferative nodules of connective tissue (polyps) mixed with chronic inflammatory cells.

A

Chronic Polypoid Cystitis

56
Q

Multiple small raised red nodules are present on the mucosal surface. These nodules are foci of hyperplastic lymphoid cells surrounded by hyperemia and hemorrhage

A

Chronic Follicular Cystitis,

57
Q

The bladder is overdistended and turgid as the result of urethral obstruction. Note the serosal and intramuscular ecchymotic and suffusive hemorrhages at the neck
and apex of the bladder.

A

Hemorrhagic Urocystitis in cat or Obstructive urolithiasis

58
Q

arise from smooth muscle of the tunica muscularis
and are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the lower urinary tract.

A

Leiomyomas

59
Q

arise from lamina propria connective tissue and project
into the bladder lumen as solitary nodules.

60
Q

occasionally infiltrates the wall, not only of the
bladder but also of the ureters and renal pelves in cattle, pigs, dogs, and/or cats. Common complications include hydronephrosis and hydroureter

61
Q

are rare but occur in the bladder and
urethra of young large breed dogs (younger than age 18 months), suggesting an embryonal origin.

A

Rhabdomyosarcomas

62
Q

disease is a unique manifestation of Clostridium perfringens type D enterotoxemia in small ruminants, especially sheep. Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin binds to renal tubular epithelial cells and causes selective degeneration of distal tubules. The disease is precipitated by access to excessive starch in the small intestine,
which allows for anaerobic bacterial proliferation therein

A

Pulpy Kidney Disease

63
Q

is the most common bacterial cause of
embolic nephritis in pigs, which can be a renal manifestation of classical diamond skin disease.

A

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

64
Q

presence of multiple cysts is also termed as?

A

Congenital polycystic kidney

65
Q

this cyst is formed due to dilation & hyperplasia of collecting tubules resulting in songiform kidneys

A

Type I cysts

66
Q

this polycystic kidney is formed due to absence of collecting tubules & developmenal failure of nephron. The cyst are thick walled w/ dense connective tissue

A

Type II cysts

67
Q

this cysts occur due to multiple abnormalities during development, this developed in tubules or bowmens capsule w/ part in glomeruli in cysts. This condition is bilateral & causes considerable enlargement of kidneyg due to clear fluid or blood mixed fluid containing cysts

68
Q

prescence of harmful waste products like uric acid, creatine & urea in blood.

69
Q

glycosuria may occur in dog as a result of

A

hypoglycemia

70
Q

glycosuria may occur in shee due to enetrotoxins caused by?

A

Clostridium welchii type D

71
Q

presence of ketone bodies in urine, which is common in diabetes mellitus, acetonemia, pregnancy toxemia & in starvation

72
Q

these is decreased amount of urine, due to glomeruloneritis, obstruction in urinaryi passage, dehydration, low blood pressure & tubular damage

73
Q

is the degeneration & necrosis of tubular epithelium without producing inflammatory reaction.

74
Q

nephrosis usually includes?

A

acute tubular necrosis as a result of ischemia or toxic injury to kidney

75
Q

nephrosis is characterized by ______ exhibited by uremia, oliguria, anuria

A

necrosis & sloughing of tubular epithelial cells

76
Q

what is the etiology of nephrosis ?

A
  1. hypotension
  2. heavy metals
  3. mycotoxins
  4. antibiotic
77
Q

Macroscopic & Microscopic features

A
  1. swelling of kidneys
  2. capsular surface smooth, pale & translucent
  3. vacuolation in tubular epithelium
  4. coagulation necrosis
  5. sloughing of tubular epithelium
78
Q

is the inflammation pf glomeruli primarily charac. by pale & enlarged kidney w/ otential hemorrhage, oedema, congestion, infiltration of inflammatory cells

A

glomerulonephritis

79
Q

glomerulonephritis due to the presence of mesangial proliferation it’s called?

A

mesangio-proliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN)

80
Q

etiology of MPGN

A

stretococci infection
immune complexes
environmental pollutants

81
Q

is the inflammation of kidney charac. by degeneration & necrosis of tubular epithelium, edema & infiltration of inflammatory cells in intersritium

A

interstitial nephritis

82
Q

is the inflammation of renal pelvis & parenchyma charac. by congestion, suppurative inflammation & fibrosis

A

pyelonephritis

83
Q

what is the etiology of pyelopnepritis?

A
  1. corynebacterium renale
  2. staphylococcus aureus
  3. e.coli
  4. actinomyopsis pyogenes
  5. pseudomonas aeruginosa
84
Q

is chronic fibrosis of kidney charac. by loss of gromeruli & tubules & extensive fibrosis

A

nephrosclerosis

85
Q

what are the etiology of nephrosclerosis

A
  1. glomerulonephritis
  2. interstitial nephritis
  3. arteriosclerosis
86
Q

is the formation of stony precipatates any where in the urinary passage including kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder or urethra

A

urolithiasis

87
Q

what are the etiology of urolithiasis

A
  1. bacterial infections
  2. metabolic defects
  3. vit A. deficiency
  4. hyperparathyroidism
  5. mineral imbalance
88
Q

are hard, light yellow, covered w/jagged spines found in urinary bladder & formed due to calcium oxalate, it causes damage in urinary bladder leading to hemorrhage

A

Oxalate calculi

89
Q

are composed of ammonium & sodium urates & uric acids, yellow to brown in color. Formed in acidic urine, spherical & irregular min shape & they are not radioopaque

A

Uric acid calculi

90
Q

are white or grey in color, chalky in consistency, soft, friable & can be crushed in mild pressure. Multiple in the form of sand like granules, composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate & occur as a result of bacterial infection.

A

Phosphate calculi

91
Q

are brownish red, concentrically laminated, fragile & irregular in shape.

A

Xanthine calculi

92
Q

small, soft w/ shiny & greasy in appearance, yellow in color whcih becomes darker on air exposure. inoluble amino acid cystine precipitates in bladder to form calculi. It may cause obstruction of urethra w/ cystinuria

A

Cystine calculi

93
Q

is the inflammation of ureter charac. by enlargement, thickening of wall due to accumulation of urates, or calculi, pyonephrosis & pyelonephritis

A

ureteritis

94
Q

what is the etiology of ureteritis?

A

tuberculosis
calculi
hydronephrosis
pyelopnephrosis
pyonephrosis

95
Q

is the inflammation of urinary bladder charac. by congestion & fibrinous, purulent or hemorrhagic exudates

96
Q

what is the etiology of cystitis

A
  1. urinary calculi
  2. tuberculosis
  3. blockage in urethra
  4. bracken fern poisoning

SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY (9 decks)

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