lesson: 2a RESPIRATORY PATHOLOGY Flashcards
this _____ are long side with mucociliary apparatus, that secretes mucus, that tend to interrupt the adherence of obnoxious agent & it may be expelled as a mucus discharge.
Mucociliary apparatus
is made up of alveolar sac & the space is the alveolus & the alveolar wall;
alveolar parenchyma
this wall of alveoli produce pneumocytes II that produce the sufactant, it’s made up of ______ without this surfactant the wall may not stand to be rigid or it may tend to collapse.
Dipalmitoyl lecithin
phagocytosis, main line of defense against inhaled particles & microbial pathogen in the alveoli
alveolar macrophages
macrophages is associated w/ LPS receptor & cold light receptor & contain many lysosomal enzymes that would help in the digestion of pathogens.
Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophages
this macrophages is present in the blood stream, phagocytosis, removal of particles, endotoxin, & microbial pathogens in the circulation.
Intavascular macrophages
2 substance that is responsible for the breakdown of antimicrobial barrier.
Beta-deficiencies & anionic peptides
consodilation of the lungs causes _____ result in decreased phagocytosis.
Hypoxia
once the lungs become ______ it become hardened & this hardening is what you call consolidation, therefore the alveolar parenchymal is unable to sustained the inhalation & exhalation.
pneumonic
this 2 are part of normal nasal flora, yet this 2 are both responsible for ;
1. shipping fever
2. atrophic rhinitis
Mannheimia haemolytica & Bordetella bronchiseptica
the nasal flora is only present in the most proximal regions of the conducting system, that is in the :
- Nasal cavity
- Nasopharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
the lower resp. tract remains essentially strerile due to the exrtraordinary ?
respiratory defense mechanism
lungs receive all the blood from the ______ thus exposing these organs to circulating pathogeens & cellular debris
Right ventricle
Defense mechanism can be susdivided by:
- Non-specific
- Specific
Non specific defense system:
- Air turbelences
- Mucus trapping
- Mucocilliary clearance
- Phagocytosis
- coughing
- sneezing
Specific defense system:
- Antibodies
- Cell-mediated immunity
- Secretions
- Ab-mediated phagocytosis
defense mechanism protect the resp. system by:
- Detoxifying
- Neutralizing
- Trapping
- Trapping, destroying & removing
the ff factors are also known to impair bacterial clearance in the lung:
- stress
- dehydration
- lung edema
- uremia
- ammonia
- Immunodeficiency
the first lined of defense against inhaled particles are the ______ & ______ created by the nasal turbinates.
Air turbulences & Centrifugal forces
have a characteristics of coiled appearance that created air turbulence during inspiration.
Conchae
this um may pass through the nasel cavity & reach the trachea & bronchi
10um
in this _____ sudden directional change in airflow causes the suspended particles to be impacted & trapped on the mucosa.
Bronchial bifurcations
bronchial structures are specialized structures known as?
Bronchial associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)
particles trapped in the bronchial mucus are expelled the conducting system by the?
mucociliary movement
only the particles of _____um in dm can reach the transitional exchange system.
2um in dm
in this region ______ particles are phagocytized by PAM’s which is then moved toward the bronchioles, until they reached mucociliary excalator.
Alveolar region
excessive release of this _____ by PAMPS can result in lung injury.
proteolytic enzymes
is lined by a highly vascularized mucosa w/ abundant blood vessels in the submucosa.
Nasal cavity
because of this abundant vascularization, the nasal cavity is unusually prone to :
- Hyperemia
- Congestion
- Hemorrhage
a medical term that describes a nose bleed
Epistaxis
is coughing up blood or presence of blood in mouth, saliva or sputum.
Hemoptysis
this 2 is frequently seen in bloat, toxemia, sepsis, inhalation of irritant gases & inflammation.
Nasal congestion & hemorrhage
epistaxis is also frequent indicator of;
- Nasal trauma
- Neoplasia
in cattle, epistaxis-hemoptysis is often associated w/ ?
Ruptures Pulmonary Vessels (aneurysm)
in horses, epistaxis is also seen in:
- Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage
- Ethmoid hematoma
is an important condition in older horses clinically charc. by chronic progressive & generally unilateral nasal bleeding.
Ethmoid hematoma
Nasal congestion & nasal hemorrhage is commonly seen following exposure to:
- irritant gases- such as
- ammonia
- hydrogen sulfide
- nitrogen oxide
Nasal congestion & nasal hemorrhage often result to:
- Shock
- Bloat
- Rhinitis
common term of virus of common cold:
rhinovirus
step by step cell injury, degeneration & repair:
cell injury
degeneration
detachment
exfoliation
inflammation
mitosis
repair
when virus is replicating in your nasal cell it causes?
degeneration
what happened in the first day of injury?
- Degeneration
- loss of attachment
- necrosis
- exfoliation
what happened in the second day the repair stages?
- repair
- pre-ciliated cells
- mitosis
- cell differentiation
in 10th days of repair what happened?
- Healed epithelium
- Normal function
what is the main defense of conductive system?
- mucociliary clearance
- antibodies
- lysozymes
- mucous
transitional system is lined by:
ciliated & non-ciliated epithelium
defense mechanism of transitional system:
- Clara cells
- antioxidants
- lysozyme
- antibodies
alveoli is lined by?
pneumocytes 1 (membranous)
pneumocytes 2
main defense mechanism of aveoli is:
- alveolar macrophages
- intravascular macrophages
- opsinizing antibodies
- surfactants
- antioxidants
what are the factors that reduces the pulmonary defense mechanism & predispose the lung to secondary bacterial pneumonia.
- virus
- stress
- lung edema
- uremia
- ammonia
- several form of immunodeficiency
this are common in domestic animals.
Nasal hemorrhages
what are the common causes of epistaxis in horses?
- Ethomod hematoma
- Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage
the nasal mucosa has remarkable ability to repair, Injured cells degenerate, exfoliate & become replaced by new cells within?
14 days
well-developed secondary lobules, interlobular septa and thick pleura. Alveoli between lobules lack interalveolar pores of Kohn
Type I lung
type I lung is common in?
(cattle, sheep, goats and pigs)
absence of secondary lobules, ill-defined
intra-parenchymal supportive tissue
strands, and with thin membranous pleura.
Type II lung
Type II lung is common in;
(dog, cat and monkey)
incompletely developed secondary lobules,
well defined but haphazardly arranged
interlobular septa, and with thick vascular
pleura
Type III ( common in horses)
incomplete distention or collapse of previously distended lung
ATELECTASIS
postural forces on lungs prevent adequate
ventilation. May be seen in large
animals kept in abnormal postures(e.g. surgery) for prolonged periods.
hypostatic atelectasis
- due to space occupying lesions, fluids, air
(pneumothorax).
compressive atelectasis
collapse of lungs due to obstruction of
airways; more pronounced in animals with Type I lung; the surrounding lung tissue show
emphysema.
obstructive atelectasis
abnormal enlargement of air spaces
(alveoli) distal to the terminal bronchioles
due either to dilation or destruction of their
walls.
EMPHYSEMA
Chronic bronchiolitis narrowing of bronchioles isdue to??
exudation and eventual peri-bronchiolar fibrosis
this is the example of occurence in edema & congestion.
Mulberry heart
this can occur as a result of trauma, blood clotting defects, or any inflammatory cause where rupture of a blood vessels occurs.
Hemorrhage
this arteries provide a collateral supply to lungs
bronchial arteries
this appear as black pigment in the lung as fine particulate matter & is common in older animals that live in an urban environment.
Anthracosis
a brown pigment derived from hemoglobin occurs in lung tissue as a result of old hemorrhage.
Hemosiderin
this infection in dogs usually have associated hemosiderin pigmentation of lung tissue.
Dirofilaria immitis
is the term used to describe lung inflammation involving alveolar parenchyma; use for an acute & exudative inflammations
Pneumonia
for more chronic, proliferative lesions.
pneumonitis
4 morphologic distinct type of pneumonia:
- bronchopneumonia
- interstitial pneumonia
- embolic pneumonia
- granulomatous pneumonia
in bronchopneumonia the distribution of inflammatory lesions in lungs is?
Cranioventrally
in embolic pneumonia the distribution of inflammatory lesion in lungs is?
focal
in the interstitial pneumonia the distrubution of inflammatory lesion in lungs is?
diffuse
in the granulomatous pneumonia the distribution of inflammatory lesion in lungs is?
locally extensive
this is the most common pneumonia, characterized by inflammation in the bronchio-alveolar junctions, involved in the cranioventral parts
Bronchopneumonia
what are the common causes of bronchopneumonia?
- bacteria
- mycoplasma
- viruses
it involves the entire pulmonary lobes or major portion lobes, a rapidly confluent
Lobular pneumonia
what are the organism that can cause lobular major pneumonia.
P. hemolytic & P. multocida
diffuse reaction to blood borne agents centered on the alveolar septa. characterized by; collapsed alveolar wall.
Interestitial pneumonia
interestitial pneumonia is a result from?
diffuse or patchalveolar septal damage without obvious orientation of the lesion.
what are the infectious causes of interstitial pneumonia?
- Herpes’
- adeno
- calicivirus
- paramyxovirus
- para influenza-3
this type of pneumonia is associated w/ sacrophyte organism.
Gangrenous pneumonia
inhalation of regurgitated ruminal contents iatrogenic depositions of medicines or milk into the trachea.
Aspiration pneumonia
in aspiration pneumonia, this location of lobe of lungs tend to be more severely affected becuase this is the most cranial branch & ventrolatral aspect of the trachea
Right cranial lobe
this is associated in aspiration pneumonia, there’s a droplets of oil being inhaled
lipid pneumonia
severe cases of this type of pneumonia causes increased permeability of the alveolar air-blood barrier & is therefore a cause of pulmonary edema.
Uremic pneumonopathy
lesion of uremic pneumonopathy:
is a combination of pulmonary edema & calcification of vascular smooth muscle & alveolar basements membranes
of either alveolar cell or bronchiolar cell origin is perhaps the most common primary tumor
adenocarcinoma
The thoracic wall, diaphragm and the
mediastinum are lined by the _______ ___, which
reflects at the hilum and continues as the visceral pleura, covering the entire surfaces of the lungs
parietal pleura
air in the pleural cavity
pneumothorax
Pleural effusion is a general term used to
describe accumulation of any fluid in the thoracic cavity.
pleural effusion
- blood on the pleural cavity
-when serous, clear & odorless , & it fails to coagulate when exposed to air it’s reffered to as
hydrothorax
the accumulation of lymph rich in triglycerides in the thoracic cavity.
Chyle
chylous fluid in the thorax, leaky lymphatics.
Chylothorax
chylothoarx is a result of?
rupture of major lymph vessels, usually the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct,
Blood in the thoracic/ pleural cavity, this term is also used in sanguineous component.
Hemothorax
what are the causes of hemothorax?
- rupture of major blood vessels
- erosion of vascular wall
- Ruptured of aortic aneurysms
- clotting defets
- warfarin toxicity
- intravascular coagulation
- thrombocytopenia
focal thickening on the parietal pleura in the intercostal spaces may be seen in renal failure (uremia) or in Vitamin D toxicity
PLEURAL CALCIFICATION / MINERALIZATION
chronic suppurative granulomatous process which can involve the pleural and peritoneal cavities. It affects dogs and cats, Causative organism is _________ an actinomycete (fungus-like bacteria)
Nocardia asteroides,
pleural inflammation is most frequently caused by bacteria that causes?
Polyserositis
this bacteria can causes pyogranulomatous pleuritis, characterize by accumulation of blood stain pus “tomato soup”
Nocardia, actinomyces & bacteriodes
