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BIO107- CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY > LESSON 3c: Photosynthesis > Flashcards

LESSON 3c: Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

-get their energy from “eating others”
-make energy through respiration

A

Heterotrophs (Animals)

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2
Q
  • produce their own energy (from “self”)
  • convert energy of sunlight
  • build organic molecules (CHO) from CO2
  • make energy & synthesize sugars through
    photosynthesis
A

Autotrophs (Plants)

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3
Q

making energy & organic molecules from ingesting organic molecules

A

Heterotrophs

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4
Q

(Give the formula) glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + energy

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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5
Q

making energy & organic molecules from light energy

A

Autotrophs

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6
Q

(Give the formula) carbon + water + energy – >glucose + oxygen

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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7
Q

-collect light energy
-transform it into chemical energy
-store light energy
-need to get building block atoms
from the environment
- produce all organic molecules
needed for growth

A

Plants

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8
Q

Obtain Sunlight

A

Leaves

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9
Q

Leaves

A

Solar Collectors

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10
Q

Obtain CO2

A

Stomates

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11
Q

Stomates for _________

A

Gas Exchange

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12
Q

Obtain water

A

roots

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13
Q

Nutrients that is obtained by roots

A

-Nitrogen
-Phosphorus
-Potassium
-Sulfur
-Magnesium
-Iron

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14
Q

absorb light and CO2 and make energy & sugar

A

Chloroplasts

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15
Q

Chloroplast contains ___________

A

Chlorophyll

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16
Q

Parts of Chloroplasts

A

-Double membrane
-Stroma
-Thylakoid sacs
-Grana Stacks

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17
Q

fluid-filled interior

A

Stroma

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18
Q

Thylakoid membrane contains

A

-chlorophyll molecules
-electron transport chain
-ATP synthase

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19
Q

H+ gradient built up within
thylakoid sac

A

ATP synthase

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20
Q

Types of Light Reactions

A

-light-dependent reactions
-energy conversion reactions

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20
Q

-convert solar energy to chemical energy
-ATP & NADPH

A

energy conversion reactions

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20
Q

-uses chemical energy (ATP & NADPH) to reduce CO2 & synthesize C6H12O6

A

sugar building reactions

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21
Q

Calvin Cycle include _____________

A

-light-independent reactions
-sugar building reactions

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22
Q

Light Reactions like in cellular respiration

A

Electron Transport Chain

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22
Q

Light Reaction electron Acceptors

A

NADPH

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23
Q

Mitochondria transfer chemical energy from food molecules into ________________________

A

chemical energy of ATP

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24
Q

ETC of Respiration use electron Carrier ___________

A

NADH

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25
Q

Chloroplasts transform________ into chemical energy of ATP

A

light energy

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26
Q

ETC of photosynthesis used electron carrier _____

A

NADPH

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27
Q

The ATP that “jack” built Photosynthesis

A

Sunlight

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28
Q

To do photosynthesis/respiration, sunlight/breakdown of Glucose allows the ff.

A

§ moves the electrons
§ runs the pump
§ pumps the protons
§ builds the gradient
§ drives the flow of protons
through ATP synthase
§ bonds Pi to ADP
§ generates the ATP

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29
Q

The ATP that “jack” built respiration is

A

Breakdown of Glucose (C6H12O2)

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30
Q
  • embedded in thylakoid membrane
  • arranged in a “photosystem”
  • structure-function relationship
A

Chlorophylls & other pigments

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31
Q

Chlorophylls & other pigments is arrange in a _________

A

Photosystem

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32
Q

Shorter wavelength–> longer wavelength]
and
Higher energy to lower energy

A

-Gamma Rays > X-ray > UV > Infrared > Microwaves > Radio waves

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33
Q

Photosynthesis gets energy by ___________

A

absorbing
wavelengths of light

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34
Q

absorbs best in red & blue wavelengths & least in green

A

chlorophyll a

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35
Q

accessory pigments with different structures absorb light of different wavelengths

A

-chlorophyll b,
-carotenoids,
-xanthophylls

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36
Q
  • collections of chlorophyll molecules
    -act as light-gathering molecules
A

2 photosystems in thylakoid membrane

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37
Q

-chlorophyll a
- P680 = absorbs 680nm
wavelength red light

A

Photosystem II

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38
Q

-chlorophyll b
-P700 = absorbs 700nm
wavelength red light

A

Photosystem I

39
Q

ETC uses light energy to produce

A

ATP & NADPH

40
Q

PS II absorbs light

A
  • excited electron passes from chlorophyll to
    “primary electron acceptor”
  • need to replace electron in chlorophyll
  • enzyme extracts electrons from H2O & supplies them to chlorophyll
41
Q

Where did the O2 come from?

A

radioactive tracer = O18

42
Q

Proved O2 came from H2O not CO2 =________

A

plants split H2O

43
Q

Light reactions elevate
electrons in 2 steps (PS II & PS I)

A

Noncyclic Phosphorylation

44
Q

PS II generates
energy as________

A

ATP

45
Q

PS I generates
reducing power as ________

A

NADPH

46
Q

-If PS I can’t pass electron to
NADP…it cycles back to PS II &
makes more ATP, but no NADPH
-coordinates light reactions to
Calvin cycle
-Calvin cycle uses more ATP than
NADPH

A

Cyclic Phosphorylation

47
Q

18 ATP + 12 NADPH —> _________

A

1 C6H12O6

48
Q

Light reactions converts solar energy to ___________________

A

Chemical energy

49
Q

____has very little chemical energy

A

CO2

50
Q

__________ contains a lot of chemical energy

A

C6H12O6

51
Q

-proceeds in many small
uphill steps
-each catalyzed by specific enzyme
-using energy stored in ATP & NADPH

A

Reduction of CO2 —-> C6H12O6

52
Q

Calvin cycle in plants happens in ______

A

Chloroplast stroma

53
Q

Calvin cycle need products of light reactions to drive synthesis reactions. What are the products?

A

-ATP
-NADPH

54
Q

-end product of Calvin cycle
- energy rich 3 carbon sugar
-“C3 photosynthesis”

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-P (G-3-P)

55
Q

G-3-P can be convert to ____________

A

-glucose–> carbohydrates
-Lipids
-Amino acids
-nucleic acids

56
Q

-Enzyme which fixes carbon from air
-the most important enzyme in the world
-definitely the most abundant

A

RUBISCO

57
Q

RUBISCO

A

ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase

58
Q

3 turns of Calvin cycle (Plants) =_____

A

1 G3P

59
Q

3 CO2 –> _______

A

1 G3P (3C)

60
Q

6 turns of Calvin cycle =

A

1 C6H12O6 (6C)

61
Q

6 CO2 –>_____

A

1 C6H12O6 (6C)

62
Q

18 ATP + 12 NADPH –> ________

A

1 C6H12O6

63
Q

any ATP left over from light reactions will be used __________ by the cell

A

elsewhere

64
Q

-produced ATP
-produced NADPH
-consumed H2O
-produced O2 as byproduct

A

Light Reactions

65
Q
  • consumed CO2
  • produced G3P (sugar)
  • regenerated ADP
  • regenerated NADP
A

Calvin Cycle

66
Q

During Photosynthesis, light reactions need light from _________ and H2O from _________

A

-Sun
-ground

67
Q

During Photosynthesis, calvin cycle needs CO2 from __________

A

Air

68
Q

CO2 in

A

Calvin Cycle

69
Q

O2 out

A

waste from Light reaction

69
Q

H2O out

A

Light reactions

70
Q

how plants control water loss from leaves?

A

-stomates close to conserve water

71
Q

When guard cell gain H2O, stomates _____

A

open

72
Q

when guard cells lose H2O, stomates _____

A

close

73
Q

Closed stomates leads to?

A

-O2 builds up –> from light reactions
- CO2 is depleted –> in Calvin cycle (which cause problems)

74
Q

Rubisco in Calvin Cycle

A

-carbon fixation enzyme (Photosynthesis)
-when O2 concentration is high (Photorespiration)

75
Q

carbon fixation enzyme

A

-normally bonds C to RuBP
-reduction of RuBP
-building sugars

76
Q

when O2 concentration is high

A

-Rubisco bonds O to RuBP
-O2 is alternative substrate
-oxidation of RuBP
-breakdown sugars

77
Q

-short circuit of Calvin cycle
-loss of carbons to CO2
-reduces production of photosynthesis
-if photorespiration could be reduced, plant would become 50% more efficient

A

Oxidation of RuBP

78
Q

-physically separate carbon fixation from actual Calvin cycle
- different enzyme to capture CO2
-PEP carboxylase stores carbon in 4C
compounds
-different leaf structure

A

C4 Plants

79
Q
  • separate carbon fixation from actual Calvin cycle by time of day
  • fix carbon (capture CO2) during night
    • store carbon in organic acids
  • perform Calvin cycle during day
A

CAM Plants

80
Q

C4 Plants: 1st step before Calvin cycle,
fix carbon with enzyme
______________

A

PEP carboxylase

81
Q

PEP carboxylase is store as ______________

A

4C Compound

82
Q

Example of C4 Plants

A

Sugar Cane, Corn and other grasses

83
Q

-higher affinity for CO2 than O2 (better than Rubisco)
-fixes CO2 in 4C compounds
-regenerates CO2 in inner cells for Rubisco

A

PEP carboxylase enzyme

84
Q

phosphoenolpyruvate (3C) + CO2–>____________

A

oxaloacetate (4C)

85
Q

Separate reactions in different cells

A

-light reactions
-carbon fixation
-Calvin cycle

86
Q

C4 Photosynthesis: -light reaction &
carbon fixation
-pumps CO2 to inner cells
-keeps O2 away from inner cells

A

Outer cells

87
Q

C4 Photosynthesis: -Calvin cycle
-glucose to veins

A

Inner Cells

88
Q

CAM Plants

A

Crassulacean Acid Metabolism

89
Q

CAM Plants: Different adaptation to hot, dry climates

A

-separate carbon fixation from Calvin cycle by time
-at night, open stomates & fix
carbon in “storage” compounds
-in day, close stomates & release CO2 from
“storage” compounds to Calvin cycle

90
Q

Organic Acids stored in stomates of CAM Plants as mentioned in the PPT

A

-Malic Acids
-Isocitric Acid

91
Q

examples of CAM plants

A

-Succulent
-some cacti
-pineapple

92
Q

C4 Plants VS. CAM Plants

A

-C4 plants
separate 2 steps of C fixation anatomically in 2 different cells

-CAM plants
separate 2 steps of C fixation temporally at 2 different times

93
Q

-most plants
-fix carbon in Calvin cycle (Attach CO2 to RuBP)
-Enzyme: Rubisco
-Most Energy efficient method
-losses water through photorespiration

A

C3 Plants

94
Q

-Tropical grasses (corn, sugar cane)
-Fix carbon in cytoplasm (attach CO2 to PEP
-Enzyme: PEP-ase
-1/2 way between C3 and CAM
-Losses less water

A

C4 Plants

95
Q

-Succulents, pineapples, agave
-fix carbon at night only, fix it to organic molecules
-Enzyme: PEP-ase
-Best Water Conservation
-Loses least water

A

CAM Plants

96
Q

Possibly evolutionary baggage

A

-Rubisco evolved in high CO2 atmosphere
(there wasn’t strong selection against active site of Rubisco accepting both CO2 & O2)

BIO107- CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (13 decks)

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