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BIO107- CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY > LESSON 1a: INTRODUCTION > Flashcards

LESSON 1a: INTRODUCTION Flashcards

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1
Q

*An active area of research that is fundamental to all biological sciences
* study of the structure and function of organisms and biological processes at the level of cells, and the macromolecules that define them

A

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL

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2
Q

Molecular biology of cell is applied in?

A
  1. Medicine
  2. Agriculture
  3. Forensic
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3
Q

Omics for trait understanding

A
  1. Genomics
  2. Proteomics
  3. Metabolomics
  4. Epigenomics
  5. Transcriptomics
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4
Q

Gene Discovery includes?

A
  1. Structural Genomics
  2. Functional Genomics
  3. Association Mapping
  4. Linkage Mapping
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5
Q

Molecular Breeding includes?

A
  1. Genomic Selection
  2. Marker-Assisted Recurrent Selection
    3, Marker- Assisted backcrossing
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6
Q

Stated experimental models in the PPT

A
  1. Escherichia coli
  2. Yeast
  3. Dictyostelium discoideum
  4. Caenorhabditis elegans
  5. Drosophila melanogaster
  6. Arabidopsis thaliana
  7. Zebra fish
  8. Xenopus laevis
  9. Transgenic mice
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6
Q
  • most thoroughly studied bacteria because of its comparative simplicity
    and ease with w/c it can be propagated
  • Many studies about the nature of gene expression elucidated
  • Genome with circular ds DNA ( sometimes with extrachrome DNA)
A

Escherichia coli

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7
Q

*Anchored on highly conserved fundamental properties of cells
*Also on diversity of present day cells

A

CELLS AS EXPERIMENTAL MODELS

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7
Q

E. Coli genome

A

~4.6m base pairs and 4000 genes (1997)

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8
Q

S. Cerevisiae genome

A

12 m bp and 6000 genes

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8
Q

-Crucial in the study of eukaryote systems ( simplest)
-Saccharomyces cerevisiae ( most studied)
-Amenable to genetic manipulation
-S. Cerevisiae genome= 12 m bp and 6000 genes
-Genome arranged as 16 linear chromosomes

A

Yeast

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9
Q
  • simple unicellular eukaryote
  • a cellular slime mold w/c feeds on bacteria and yeasts
  • easily manipulated using genetic techniques
  • since mobile, it is ideal for studying molecular mechanisms for animal cell
    movements
  • w/ abundant food, cells aggregate into worm-like
  • structures (slugs) that act as a single unit (100,000 cells)
  • straddles the border between unicellular and multicellular organisms
A

Dictyostelium discoideum

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10
Q
  • ideal model for animal development and cell differentiation
  • genome size= 100m bp and 19,000 genes
  • 3x that of yeast and ½ that of humans
  • simpler and more manageable than those of other animals
  • also amenable to genetic manipulation
A

Caenorhabditis elegans

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11
Q
  • also a crucial model for developmental biology & genetics
  • genome size-= 14,000 genes
  • Easily bred and has short life cycle ( 2 weeks)
  • Became the bases for fundamental concepts of genetics such as the
    relationships between genes and chromosomes
A

Drosophila melanogaster

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12
Q
  • a small flowering plant w/c is
    simple and easy to grow and
    handle in genetic experiments
  • genome size= 120m bp and
    15,000 genes
  • ideal organism for the study of
    plant molecular biology
  • had been successfully used in the
    identification of genes involved in
    plant development ( i.e. devt of
    flowers)
A

Arabidopsis thaliana

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13
Q

-model test organism for vertebrate development
-easily maintained in the lab, reproduces rapidly
-w/ transparent embryos that develop outside of the
mother
– bridges the gap between humans and C. elegans
and Drosophila w/c have simple structures

A

Zebra fish

14
Q
  • important model for early vertebrate development
  • very large eggs ( 1mm diameter) that develop outside of mother
  • Eggs can be obtained in large nose making possible various
    biochemical analyses
A

Xenopus laevis

15
Q
  • the mouse is most suitable for genetic analysis among mammals
  • mouse genetics fraught with difficulties
  • transgenic mice with specific mutant genes introduced into the
    mouse germ line
  • some similarity in mouse and human genomes
A

Transgenic mice

16
Q

How Transgenic mice formed?

A
  1. Recombinant DNA
  2. DNA injected to male pronucleus of fertilized oocyte
  3. Injected oocyte develops into early mouse embryo
  4. Embryo implanted into uterus of pseudopregnant mouse
  5. Resulted to transgenic mice
17
Q

How to Knock-in or knockout mouse formed?

A
  1. Targeting Vector
  2. Gene targeted in ES cells through homologous recombination
  3. Targeted ES cells selected and expanded
  4. Targeted ES cells injected into early mouse embryo
  5. Embryo Implanted into uterus of pseudopregnant mouse
  6. Chimeric mouse born and mated with normal mouse
  7. Resulted to Knock-in or Knockout Mouse

BIO107- CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (13 decks)

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