LESSON 1b: OVERVIEW OF THE CELL

Question 1

More than _____ cell types identified in human body

Answer 1

200

Question 2

4 basic tissue types

Answer 2

1. Epithelia
2. Connective Tissue
3. Muscle
4. Nervous Tissue

Question 3

Specialized Cell Types

Answer 3

1. Rod cells -Photoreceptor Cells
2. Hair Cell- Sound Receptor
3. Germ cell- sperm
4. Red Blood Cells

Question 4

• A cell must be large enough to house DNA and organelles it needs to survive and reproduce
• It must be small enough to obtain nutrients from the environment and dispose of wastes

Answer 4

Natural laws limit cell size

Question 5

A cell must be large enough to house _______ and ________ it needs to survive and reproduce

Answer 5

DNA and organelles

Question 6

Smallest Bacteria

Answer 6

Mycoplasmas (0.1 to 1.0 micron)

Question 6

It must be small enough to obtain _________ from the environment and dispose of_____

Answer 6

-nutrients
- wastes

Question 7

Lower limit of most bacteria

Answer 7

1-10 micron

Question 8

Upper limit of eukaryotic cells

Answer 8

10- 100 microns

Question 9

• ‘smaller parts within larger cells’
• organization of parts into smaller units (Organelles) within the cell
• Increased surface area, better specialization

Answer 9

Compartmentalization

Question 10

• In-folding of cell membrane formed organelles such as ER, golgi etc
• Followed by specialization of functions ( transport, ingestion etc)

Answer 10

In-folding and Specialization

Question 10

Compartmentalization

Answer 10

A step in cellular evolution

Question 10

Advantage of having internal membrane

Answer 10

increase efficiency

Question 10

Endosymbiotic theory

Answer 10

1. Archaeal cells acquire eukaryotes features
2. Bacteria establish symbiosis with host
   3.1 Endosymbiont evolves into mitochondrion
   3.2 Engulf cyanobacterium, cyanobacterium evolves into chloroplasts.

Question 10

Example of Cellular Evolution

Answer 10

1. In-folding and Specialization
2. Development of Internal Membranes

Question 10

Create internal micro-environments (“compartments”)

Answer 10

Internal Membrane

Question 10

-Ribosomes are present
-mainly near cytoplasm
-occurs form the nuclear membranes
-main component is cisternae which appear more maze
- function in synthesis and storage of proteins

Answer 10

Rough ER

Question 10

In the _____________ the ancestral eukaryote consumed aerobic bacteria that evolved into mitochondria

Answer 10

First endosymbiotic event

Question 10

others cells evolved through a symbiotic relationship where one organism lives inside another

Answer 10

Endosymbiosis

Question 10

-Lacks attached ribosomes and appears more tubular.
-Gives the cell the ability to perform variety of specialized functions
- Functions in the synthesis of lipids, carbohydrate metabolism and detoxification

Answer 10

Smooth ER

Question 10

Interesting evolution of Mitochondria, Chloroplast & Bacteria includes evolution in:

Answer 10

-Membrane
-Antibiotics
-Division
-DNA
-Ribosomes

Question 10

Interesting evolution of Mitochondria, Chloroplast & Bacteria Evidences: indicates organelles may have bacterial origin

Answer 10

Susceptible to Antibiotics (e.g. chloramphenicol)

Question 10

Interesting evolution of Mitochondria, Chloroplast & Bacteria Evidences: Some organelles have double _______________. (Outer Membrane may be vesicular in origin)

Answer 10

Membrane

Question 10

Interesting evolution of Mitochondria, Chloroplast & Bacteria Evidences: Reproduction occurs via a fission-like process

Answer 10

Division

Question 10

Interesting evolution of Mitochondria, Chloroplast & Bacteria Evidences: Has own ____ which is naked and circular (like prokaryotic DNA structure)

Answer 10

DNA

Question 10

Interesting evolution of Mitochondria, Chloroplast & Bacteria Evidences: Have _____ which are 70s in size

Answer 10

Ribosomes

Question 10

Binary Fission in Mitochondria

Answer 10

Mitochondrial DNA/Cell---> Fission (Start na ang seperation)---> Segregation

Question 10

The tree of life or the three domains of life is consist of:

Answer 10

-Archaea -Bacteria -Eukaryotes

Question 11

Eukaryotes

Answer 11

less than 1mm

Question 12

Prokaryotes

Answer 12

less than 1mm, greater than 1 micrometer

Question 13

Proteins and Viruses (?)

Answer 13

less than 1 micrometer, greater than 1nm

Question 14

Small molecules and atoms

Answer 14

less than 1nm

Question 15

Archaea more related to _______ than ______

Answer 15

Eukarya than Bacteria

Question 15

-> Single celled organisms -> No nucleus, no compartments -> Peptidoglycan cell walls -> Binary fission -> For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis

Answer 15

Prokaryotes – Domain Bacteria

Question 16

-> Lack peptidoglycan -> Live in extreme environments Include: Methanogens Extreme halophiles Extreme thermophiles -> Role in disease not well understood—this group has only recently been discovered

Answer 16

Prokaryotes – Domain Archaea

Question 17

____________ growing in Yellowstone hot springs

Answer 17

Thermophiles

Question 18

Two Fundamentally Different Types of Cells

Answer 18

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Question 19

A ____________ is enclosed by a plasma membrane and is usually encased in a rigid cell wall – The cell wall may be covered by a sticky capsule

Answer 19

prokaryotic cell

Question 20

___________ are partitioned into functional compartments

Answer 20

Eukaryotic cells

Question 21

Eukaryotes are distinguished by the presence of a____________

Answer 21

true nucleus

Question 21

DNA in nucleoid region

Answer 21

Prokaryotes

Question 22

DNA within membrane-bound nucleus

Answer 22

Eukaryotes

Question 23

Usually Smaller

Answer 23

Prokaryotes

Question 24

Usually Larger

Answer 24

Eukaryotes

Question 24

often multi-cellular

Answer 24

Eukaryotes

Question 24

Usually Single-celled

Answer 24

Prokaryotes

Question 25

may not need oxygen

Answer 25

prokaryotes

Question 26

usually need oxygen to exist

Answer 26

eukaryotes

Question 26

no membrane bound organelles

Answer 26

Prokaryotes

Question 27

have membrane-bound organelles

Answer 27

eukaryotes

Question 28

Plant and Animal Cells structural similarities

Answer 28

– Plasma membrane – Genetic mechanisms – Most organelles

Question 29

Plant and Animal Cells structural differences

Answer 29

– Plants have choloroplasts, a large central vacuole and a cell wall – Plant cells do not have centrioles – Plant cells have plasmodesmata – Animal cells have gap junctions

Question 30

Plant and Animal Cells physiological differences

Answer 30

– Plant cells have photosynthesis in addition to respiration – During mitosis a cell plate is formed in plant cells – Starch is molecule for energy storage while in animal cells it is glycogen – Large central vacuole stores more water and carbohydrates then animal cell vacuoles

Question 31

Cell's control center

Answer 31

Nucleus

Question 32

Nickname: “Roads” – Function: The internal delivery system of the cell

Answer 32

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 32

* Synthesize proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids * Stores molecules and materials * Transports materials * Detoxification of toxins

Answer 32

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 33

* Sites of protein synthesis * Composed of a large and small subunit * Types – Free - move through the cytoplasm – Fixed-Attached to endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 33

Ribosomes

Question 34

Solar panel of the plant cell

Answer 34

Chloroplast

Question 35

Only plants have chloroplasts, but ______ reap the benefits too.

Answer 35

animals

Question 36

-Contain digestive enzymes -Perform clean up and duties -Digesting food or cellular invaders -Recycling cellular components

Answer 36

Lysosomes

Question 37

Worn out mitochondria may be an important factor in _________-.

Answer 37

aging

Question 37

* In specialized zone near nucleus: Centrosome * Each unit consists of microtubules – Support the cytoplasm – Form certain organelles – Responsible for cell movement – Involved in cell division – Involved in transport of intracellular materials. * Before cell division, centrioles divide, move to ends of cell and become spindle fibers

Answer 37

Centrioles

Question 38

* Flattened membrane sacs stacked on each other * Modification, packaging, distribution of proteins and lipids * Provides vesicles which become lysosomes

Answer 38

Golgi Apparatus

Question 38

Cellular Processes

Answer 38

-Cell Growth -Cell Death -Cell Movement

Question 39

Cell Growth--->__________

Answer 39

Cell Division

Question 39

Cell Movement-->Motility-->____________

Answer 39

Flagellum

Question 40

Cell Death--->__________

Answer 40

Apoptosis