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BIO107- CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY > LESSON 1b: OVERVIEW OF THE CELL > Flashcards

LESSON 1b: OVERVIEW OF THE CELL Flashcards

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1
Q

More than _____ cell types identified in human body

A

200

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2
Q

4 basic tissue types

A
  1. Epithelia
  2. Connective Tissue
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous Tissue
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3
Q

Specialized Cell Types

A
  1. Rod cells -Photoreceptor Cells
  2. Hair Cell- Sound Receptor
  3. Germ cell- sperm
  4. Red Blood Cells
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4
Q
  • A cell must be large enough to house DNA and organelles it needs to survive and reproduce
  • It must be small enough to obtain nutrients from the environment and dispose of wastes
A

Natural laws limit cell size

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5
Q

A cell must be large enough to house _______ and ________ it needs to survive and reproduce

A

DNA and organelles

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6
Q

Smallest Bacteria

A

Mycoplasmas (0.1 to 1.0 micron)

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6
Q

It must be small enough to obtain _________ from the environment and dispose of_____

A

-nutrients
- wastes

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7
Q

Lower limit of most bacteria

A

1-10 micron

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8
Q

Upper limit of eukaryotic cells

A

10- 100 microns

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9
Q
  • ‘smaller parts within larger cells’
  • organization of parts into smaller units (Organelles) within the cell
  • Increased surface area, better specialization
A

Compartmentalization

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10
Q
  • In-folding of cell membrane formed organelles such as ER, golgi etc
  • Followed by specialization of functions ( transport, ingestion etc)
A

In-folding and Specialization

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10
Q

Compartmentalization

A

A step in cellular evolution

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10
Q

Advantage of having internal membrane

A

increase efficiency

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10
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A
  1. Archaeal cells acquire eukaryotes features
  2. Bacteria establish symbiosis with host
    3.1 Endosymbiont evolves into mitochondrion
    3.2 Engulf cyanobacterium, cyanobacterium evolves into chloroplasts.
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10
Q

Example of Cellular Evolution

A
  1. In-folding and Specialization
  2. Development of Internal Membranes
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10
Q

Create internal micro-environments (“compartments”)

A

Internal Membrane

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10
Q

-Ribosomes are present
-mainly near cytoplasm
-occurs form the nuclear membranes
-main component is cisternae which appear more maze
- function in synthesis and storage of proteins

A

Rough ER

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10
Q

In the _____________ the ancestral eukaryote consumed aerobic bacteria that evolved into mitochondria

A

First endosymbiotic event

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10
Q

others cells evolved through a symbiotic relationship where one organism lives inside another

A

Endosymbiosis

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10
Q

-Lacks attached ribosomes and appears more tubular.
-Gives the cell the ability to perform variety of specialized functions
- Functions in the synthesis of lipids, carbohydrate metabolism and detoxification

A

Smooth ER

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10
Q

Interesting evolution of Mitochondria, Chloroplast & Bacteria includes evolution in:

A

-Membrane
-Antibiotics
-Division
-DNA
-Ribosomes

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10
Q

Interesting evolution of Mitochondria, Chloroplast & Bacteria Evidences: indicates organelles may have bacterial origin

A

Susceptible to Antibiotics (e.g. chloramphenicol)

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10
Q

Interesting evolution of Mitochondria, Chloroplast & Bacteria Evidences: Some organelles have double _______________. (Outer Membrane may be vesicular in origin)

A

Membrane

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10
Q

Interesting evolution of Mitochondria, Chloroplast & Bacteria Evidences: Reproduction occurs via a fission-like process

A

Division

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10
Q

Interesting evolution of Mitochondria, Chloroplast & Bacteria Evidences: Has own ____ which is naked and circular (like prokaryotic DNA structure)

A

DNA

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10
Q

Interesting evolution of Mitochondria, Chloroplast & Bacteria Evidences: Have _____ which are 70s in size

A

Ribosomes

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10
Q

Binary Fission in Mitochondria

A

Mitochondrial DNA/Cell—> Fission (Start na ang seperation)—> Segregation

10
Q

The tree of life or the three domains of life is consist of:

A

-Archaea
-Bacteria
-Eukaryotes

11
Q

Eukaryotes

A

less than 1mm

12
Q

Prokaryotes

A

less than 1mm, greater than 1 micrometer

13
Q

Proteins and Viruses (?)

A

less than 1 micrometer, greater than 1nm

14
Q

Small molecules and atoms

A

less than 1nm

15
Q

Archaea more related to _______ than ______

A

Eukarya than Bacteria

15
Q

-> Single celled organisms
-> No nucleus, no compartments
-> Peptidoglycan cell walls
-> Binary fission
-> For energy, use organic chemicals,
inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis

A

Prokaryotes – Domain Bacteria

16
Q

-> Lack peptidoglycan
-> Live in extreme environments
Include:
Methanogens
Extreme halophiles
Extreme thermophiles
-> Role in disease not well understood—this
group has only recently been discovered

A

Prokaryotes – Domain Archaea

17
Q

____________ growing in
Yellowstone hot springs

A

Thermophiles

18
Q

Two Fundamentally
Different Types of Cells

A

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

19
Q

A ____________ is enclosed by a plasma
membrane and is usually encased in a rigid
cell wall – The cell wall may be covered by
a sticky capsule

A

prokaryotic cell

20
Q

___________ are partitioned into
functional compartments

A

Eukaryotic cells

21
Q

Eukaryotes are distinguished by the
presence of a____________

A

true nucleus

21
Q

DNA in nucleoid region

A

Prokaryotes

22
Q

DNA within membrane-bound nucleus

A

Eukaryotes

23
Q

Usually Smaller

A

Prokaryotes

24
Q

Usually Larger

A

Eukaryotes

24
Q

often multi-cellular

A

Eukaryotes

24
Q

Usually Single-celled

A

Prokaryotes

25
Q

may not need oxygen

A

prokaryotes

26
Q

usually need oxygen to exist

A

eukaryotes

26
Q

no membrane bound organelles

A

Prokaryotes

27
Q

have membrane-bound organelles

A

eukaryotes

28
Q

Plant and Animal Cells structural similarities

A

– Plasma membrane
– Genetic mechanisms
– Most organelles

29
Q

Plant and Animal Cells structural differences

A

– Plants have choloroplasts, a large central vacuole and a cell wall
– Plant cells do not have centrioles
– Plant cells have plasmodesmata
– Animal cells have gap junctions

30
Q

Plant and Animal Cells physiological differences

A

– Plant cells have photosynthesis in addition to respiration
– During mitosis a cell plate is formed in plant cells
– Starch is molecule for energy storage while in animal cells it is
glycogen
– Large central vacuole stores more water and carbohydrates then
animal cell vacuoles

31
Q

Cell’s control center

A

Nucleus

32
Q

Nickname: “Roads”
– Function: The internal
delivery system of the
cell

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

32
Q
  • Synthesize proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
  • Stores molecules and materials
  • Transports materials
  • Detoxification of toxins
A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

33
Q
  • Sites of protein
    synthesis
  • Composed of a
    large and small
    subunit
  • Types – Free
  • move
    through the
    cytoplasm
    – Fixed-Attached to
    endoplasmic
    reticulum
A

Ribosomes

34
Q

Solar panel of the plant cell

A

Chloroplast

35
Q

Only plants have chloroplasts, but ______ reap the benefits too.

A

animals

36
Q

-Contain digestive enzymes
-Perform clean up and duties
-Digesting food or cellular invaders
-Recycling cellular components

A

Lysosomes

37
Q

Worn out mitochondria may be an important factor in _________-.

A

aging

37
Q
  • In specialized zone near
    nucleus: Centrosome
  • Each unit consists of
    microtubules
    – Support the cytoplasm
    – Form certain organelles
    – Responsible for cell
    movement
    – Involved in cell division
    – Involved in transport of
    intracellular materials.
  • Before cell division,
    centrioles divide, move to
    ends of cell and become
    spindle fibers
A

Centrioles

38
Q
  • Flattened membrane sacs stacked on
    each other
  • Modification, packaging, distribution of
    proteins and lipids
  • Provides vesicles which become
    lysosomes
A

Golgi Apparatus

38
Q

Cellular Processes

A

-Cell Growth
-Cell Death
-Cell Movement

39
Q

Cell Growth—>__________

A

Cell Division

39
Q

Cell Movement–>Motility–>____________

A

Flagellum

40
Q

Cell Death—>__________

A

Apoptosis

BIO107- CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (13 decks)

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