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BIO107- CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY > LESSON 3a: The Mitochondrion (Structure) > Flashcards

LESSON 3a: The Mitochondrion (Structure) Flashcards

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1
Q

3 main kind of cell work

A
  1. Mechanical Work
  2. Transport work
  3. Chemical work
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2
Q

beating of cilia,
muscular contraction,
chromosome movement during
cell division

A

Mechanical work

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3
Q

pumping of
substances across membranes

A

Transport work

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4
Q

synthesis of
polymers from monomers

A

Chemical work

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5
Q

Energy is stored in organic molecules namely:

A

carbohydrates, fats, proteins

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6
Q

eat organic molecules

A

Heterotrophs

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7
Q

Heterotrophs eat these organic molecules —> food digest organic molecules to get…

A

-raw materials for synthesis
-fuels for energy

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8
Q

“burning” fuels in a series of _____________

A

step-by-step
enzyme-controlled reactions

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9
Q

_______________ of glucose to produce ATP

A

catabolism

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10
Q

model of harvesting stored energy

A

Glucose

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11
Q

Formula for respiration

A

Glucose + Oxygen —> Energy + Water + Carbon dioxide

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12
Q

Chemical formula of respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> ATP + 6H20 + 6CO2 + heat

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13
Q

making a lot of heat
energy by burning fuels in one step

A

combustion

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14
Q

making ATP (& some heat)
by burning fuels in many small steps

A

respiration

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15
Q

___________ move electrons by
shuttling H atoms around

A

Electron carriers

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16
Q

Moving electrons in respiration

A

– NAD+ –> NADH (reduced)
– FAD+2 —> FADH2 (reduced)

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17
Q

Features of ATP

A

-Bonds between phosphate
groups unstable and broken by
hydrolysis
-High energy phosphate bonds
– term is misleading
-Phosphate bonds in ATP
actually weak and unstable;
products of hydrolysis ( ADP
and ℗ more stable
-Release of energy during ATP
hydrolysis from a chemical
change to a more stable
condition and not from
phosphate bonds themselves

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18
Q

Why are phosphate bonds unstable?

A

-All three phosphate groups negatively charged
-Like charges crowded together ; repulsion contributes to
instability of bonds
-Triphosphate tail of ATP chemical equivalent of a loaded
spring; release/relaxation of compressed spring
releases energy

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19
Q

The energy currency of the cell

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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20
Q

The energy transducers

A

Mitochondria ang Chloroplasts

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21
Q
  • Act similar to electric power plant
  • Up to 300 to 800 per cell
  • Can replicate itself
  • Come from cytoplasm in EGG
    -Found in eukaryotic
    cells
  • A membranous
    organelle
  • Has its own DNA
    (circular) and proteins.
  • Three parts: outer
    membrane, inner
    membrane and matrix
  • The outer membrane is
    permeable to pyruvate.
A

Mitochondria

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22
Q

You inherited your mitochondria
from your _________

A

mother

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23
Q

Three parts of mitochondria

A

-Outer membrane
-inner membrane
-matrix

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24
Q

The outer membrane of mitochondria is permeable to _________

A

Pyruvate

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25
Q

Mitochondria is same size as ________ which is?

A

Bacteria (0.5-1.0 microns wide, up to 10 microns long)

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26
Q

Parts of mitochondria: fairly smooth

A

Outer membrane

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27
Q

Parts of mitochondria: twisted

A

Inner membrane

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28
Q

Parts of mitochondria: Infoldings of inner membrane

A

Cristae

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29
Q

Parts of mitochondria: Substance located in space formed by inner membrane

A

Matrix

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30
Q

_________differ in length, shape and number depending on the cell’s
energy needs

A

Cristae

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31
Q

In ______ cristae go halfway across mitochondrion

A

Most cells

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32
Q

Short cristae represent ______________

A

low energy requirements

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33
Q

In __________, cristae cross all of the way

A

Muscle cells

33
Q

Muscle cells also have ________ cristae

A

tightly packed

34
Q

In muscle cells, more cristae represent _______________

A

high energy requirements

35
Q

high level
of oxidative phosphorylation

A

Condensed

36
Q

low level of oxidative
phosphorylation

A

Orthodox

37
Q

Most cristae are arranged in
__________

A

shelves

38
Q

In steroid secreting cells, the
cristae are __________

A

tubular

39
Q

shelf cristae halfway through the
organelle

A

Typical mitochondria

40
Q

Tubular or circular cristae

A

Steroid secreting cell mitochondria

40
Q

tightly packed shelf cristae crosses organelle

A

Active mitochondria

41
Q
  • Mitochondria in dendrite
  • Up to 25µm
A

Longitudinal section

42
Q
  • Are accumulations of calcium phosphate
  • Helps maintain low levels of calcium ions
    in the cytosol
A

Matrix Granules

43
Q

Mitochondria replicate by __________ like
bacterial cells

A

simple fission

44
Q

Most mitochondria situated close to parts of cell that have_______________

A

highest energy
requirements

45
Q

More mitochondria are found in cells that:

A

– have motile machinery
– sequester low pH substances
– pump large amounts of ions

45
Q

Fewer mitochondria are found in cells that operate under __________

A

anaerobic
conditions

46
Q

Small lymphocytes have a ______
while hepatocytes have about ________

A

-few
-1000

47
Q

– “white fiber”
– Fast twitch
– Works under anaerobic
conditions (glycolysis)

A

Type II skeletal muscle fiber

48
Q

– Especially those that are
no longer dividing
– Protective function

A

Skin epithelia (stratified
squamous keratinizing
epithelia)

49
Q

– Glycogen is broken down to yield energy via the glycolytic
pathway of glucose oxidation
– Citric acid cycle less important
– They have lysosomes, BUT……
– Surviving anaerobically is advantageous since they can
kill bacteria and clean debris in poorly oxygenated areas
*Inflamed or necrotic tissue

A

Neutrophil

50
Q

Glycogen is broken down to yield energy via the ________________

A

glycolytic pathway of glucose oxidation

51
Q
  • A cell with just about every
    organelle in abundance
  • Very metabolically active cell
  • Detoxifies, produces bile
A

Hepatocyte

52
Q
  • High energy
    requirement
  • Especially the “red”
    fibers
A

Skeletal Muscle

53
Q

Continuous contraction
requires a lot of ATP

A

Cardiac Muscle

54
Q
  • Produces the HCl of the stomach
  • In the epithelia lining
  • These are the cells targeted by
    Pepcid AC, Tagamet and
    Zantac*-
    – indirectly
  • Mitochondria are needed to
    sequester the H +
  • ATP is needed to move the microtubules in the
    cilia
  • Cilia helps move mucus along in the lumen of
    the trachea and the ovum in the oviduct
A

Parietal cell of the stomach

55
Q

Mitochondria are needed to
sequester the ____

A

H+

56
Q

____ is needed to move the microtubules in the
cilia

A

ATP

57
Q

________helps move mucus along in the lumen of the trachea and the ovum in the oviduct

A

Cilia

58
Q

Vesicles contain _________

A

neurotransmitters

59
Q

Mitochondria furnish energy for
___________

A

synaptic activity

59
Q

___________ has same microtubule
arrangement as cilia

A

Flagellum

60
Q

Flagellum requires ________ to move

A

ATP

61
Q

Mitochondrial inheritance of
defects is _________ because few,
if any, mitochondria enter the
ovum with the sperm head

A

maternal

61
Q
  • Kidney filtration
  • Sodium ions diffuse passively
    through apical membrane
  • Ions actively transported out of
    the cells by a
    sodium/potassium ATPase
    located in the basement
    membrane
  • These cells also provide for
    protein digestion
A

Cells of proximal convoluted
tubule

61
Q

Sodium ions diffuse passively
through ___________

A

Apical membrane

62
Q

Ions actively transported out of
the cells by a
______________
located in the basement
membrane

A

sodium/potassium ATPase

63
Q
  • Heat production is increased in this
    tissue because mitochondria in these
    cells have a transmembrane protein
    called thermogenin in their inner
    membrane
  • Energy is dissipated by heat and
    warms blood in nearby capillaries
A

Brown adipose

64
Q

Heat production is increased in this
tissue because mitochondria in these
cells have a transmembrane protein
called _____________- in their inner
membrane

A

thermogenin

65
Q

Mitochondria convert
cholesterol into
pregnenolone* which is
converted into steroids
in the sER

A

Cortisol secreting
cell of adrenal cortex

66
Q
  • The visual process requires a lot of energy
  • Protein synthesis and energy conduction
A

Rods and Cones of the Eye

66
Q

Advantage of highly folded inner
membrane?

A

More surface area for membrane-bound enzymes & permease

67
Q

Without mitochondrion ATP production would ____________________________________

A

cease and the cells would not be able to function

68
Q

Four types of function by the inner membrane that contains protein

A
  1. Those that carry out the
    oxidation reactions of the
    respiratory chain
  2. ATP synthase, which use
    the H+ gradient to make
    ATP
  3. Specific transport
    proteins that regulate the
    passage of metabolites
    into and out of the matrix
  4. Protein import machinery
69
Q
  • it contains enzymes. It can catalyze
    ATP to create ADP.
    -symbolic enzyme: adenylate kinase
A

intermembrane space

70
Q

symbolic enzyme in intermembrane space

A

Adenylate Kinase

71
Q

-Enzymes are abundant in here. It also contains mitochondrial genetic system including DNA and ribosome.
- some reaction pathways take place in the here.
-symbolic enzyme: malic acid dehydrogenase.

A

Matrix

72
Q

Symbolic enzyme in matrix

A

malic acid dehydrogenase

73
Q

-it also call ATP synthase.
-it lies in the inner membrane

A

elementary particle

BIO107- CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (13 decks)

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