LESSON 3a: The Mitochondrion (Structure) Flashcards by Miss Bambi

3 main kind of cell work

Mechanical Work
Transport work
Chemical work

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beating of cilia,
muscular contraction,
chromosome movement during
cell division

Mechanical work

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pumping of
substances across membranes

Transport work

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synthesis of
polymers from monomers

Chemical work

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Energy is stored in organic molecules namely:

carbohydrates, fats, proteins

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eat organic molecules

Heterotrophs

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Heterotrophs eat these organic molecules —> food digest organic molecules to get…

-raw materials for synthesis
-fuels for energy

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“burning” fuels in a series of _____________

step-by-step
enzyme-controlled reactions

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_______________ of glucose to produce ATP

catabolism

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model of harvesting stored energy

Glucose

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Formula for respiration

Glucose + Oxygen —> Energy + Water + Carbon dioxide

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Chemical formula of respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> ATP + 6H20 + 6CO2 + heat

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making a lot of heat
energy by burning fuels in one step

combustion

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making ATP (& some heat)
by burning fuels in many small steps

respiration

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___________ move electrons by
shuttling H atoms around

Electron carriers

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Moving electrons in respiration

– NAD+ –> NADH (reduced)
– FAD+2 —> FADH2 (reduced)

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Features of ATP

-Bonds between phosphate
groups unstable and broken by
hydrolysis
-High energy phosphate bonds
– term is misleading
-Phosphate bonds in ATP
actually weak and unstable;
products of hydrolysis ( ADP
and ℗ more stable
-Release of energy during ATP
hydrolysis from a chemical
change to a more stable
condition and not from
phosphate bonds themselves

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Why are phosphate bonds unstable?

-All three phosphate groups negatively charged
-Like charges crowded together ; repulsion contributes to
instability of bonds
-Triphosphate tail of ATP chemical equivalent of a loaded
spring; release/relaxation of compressed spring
releases energy

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The energy currency of the cell

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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The energy transducers

Mitochondria ang Chloroplasts

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Act similar to electric power plant
Up to 300 to 800 per cell
Can replicate itself
Come from cytoplasm in EGG
-Found in eukaryotic
cells
A membranous
organelle
Has its own DNA
(circular) and proteins.
Three parts: outer
membrane, inner
membrane and matrix
The outer membrane is
permeable to pyruvate.

Mitochondria

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You inherited your mitochondria
from your _________

mother

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Three parts of mitochondria

-Outer membrane
-inner membrane
-matrix

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The outer membrane of mitochondria is permeable to _________

Pyruvate

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Mitochondria is same size as ________ which is?

Bacteria (0.5-1.0 microns wide, up to 10 microns long)

Parts of mitochondria: fairly smooth

Outer membrane

Parts of mitochondria: twisted

Inner membrane

Parts of mitochondria: Infoldings of inner membrane

Cristae

Parts of mitochondria: Substance located in space formed by inner membrane

Matrix

_________differ in length, shape and number depending on the cell’s energy needs

Cristae

In ______ cristae go halfway across mitochondrion

Most cells

Short cristae represent ______________

low energy requirements

In __________, cristae cross all of the way

Muscle cells

Muscle cells also have ________ cristae

tightly packed

In muscle cells, more cristae represent _______________

high energy requirements

high level of oxidative phosphorylation

Condensed

low level of oxidative phosphorylation

Orthodox

Most cristae are arranged in __________

shelves

In steroid secreting cells, the cristae are __________

tubular

shelf cristae halfway through the organelle

Typical mitochondria

Tubular or circular cristae

Steroid secreting cell mitochondria

tightly packed shelf cristae crosses organelle

Active mitochondria

* Mitochondria in dendrite * Up to 25µm

Longitudinal section

* Are accumulations of calcium phosphate * Helps maintain low levels of calcium ions in the cytosol

Matrix Granules

Mitochondria replicate by __________ like bacterial cells

simple fission

Most mitochondria situated close to parts of cell that have_______________

highest energy requirements

More mitochondria are found in cells that:

– have motile machinery – sequester low pH substances – pump large amounts of ions

Fewer mitochondria are found in cells that operate under __________

anaerobic conditions

Small lymphocytes have a ______ while hepatocytes have about ________

-few -1000

– “white fiber” – Fast twitch – Works under anaerobic conditions (glycolysis)

Type II skeletal muscle fiber

– Especially those that are no longer dividing – Protective function

Skin epithelia (stratified squamous keratinizing epithelia)

– Glycogen is broken down to yield energy via the glycolytic pathway of glucose oxidation – Citric acid cycle less important – They have lysosomes, BUT…... – Surviving anaerobically is advantageous since they can kill bacteria and clean debris in poorly oxygenated areas *Inflamed or necrotic tissue

Neutrophil

Glycogen is broken down to yield energy via the ________________

glycolytic pathway of glucose oxidation

* A cell with just about every organelle in abundance * Very metabolically active cell * Detoxifies, produces bile

Hepatocyte

* High energy requirement * Especially the “red” fibers

Skeletal Muscle

Continuous contraction requires a lot of ATP

Cardiac Muscle

* Produces the HCl of the stomach * In the epithelia lining * These are the cells targeted by Pepcid AC, Tagamet and Zantac*- – indirectly * Mitochondria are needed to sequester the H + * ATP is needed to move the microtubules in the cilia * Cilia helps move mucus along in the lumen of the trachea and the ovum in the oviduct

Parietal cell of the stomach

Mitochondria are needed to sequester the ____

H+

____ is needed to move the microtubules in the cilia

ATP

________helps move mucus along in the lumen of the trachea and the ovum in the oviduct

Cilia

Vesicles contain _________

neurotransmitters

Mitochondria furnish energy for ___________

synaptic activity

___________ has same microtubule arrangement as cilia

Flagellum

Flagellum requires ________ to move

ATP

Mitochondrial inheritance of defects is _________ because few, if any, mitochondria enter the ovum with the sperm head

maternal

* Kidney filtration * Sodium ions diffuse passively through apical membrane * Ions actively transported out of the cells by a sodium/potassium ATPase located in the basement membrane * These cells also provide for protein digestion

Cells of proximal convoluted tubule

Sodium ions diffuse passively through ___________

Apical membrane

Ions actively transported out of the cells by a ______________ located in the basement membrane

sodium/potassium ATPase

* Heat production is increased in this tissue because mitochondria in these cells have a transmembrane protein called thermogenin in their inner membrane * Energy is dissipated by heat and warms blood in nearby capillaries

Brown adipose

Heat production is increased in this tissue because mitochondria in these cells have a transmembrane protein called _____________- in their inner membrane

thermogenin

Mitochondria convert cholesterol into pregnenolone* which is converted into steroids in the sER

Cortisol secreting cell of adrenal cortex

* The visual process requires a lot of energy * Protein synthesis and energy conduction

Rods and Cones of the Eye

Advantage of highly folded inner membrane?

More surface area for membrane-bound enzymes & permease

Without mitochondrion ATP production would ____________________________________

cease and the cells would not be able to function

Four types of function by the inner membrane that contains protein

1. Those that carry out the oxidation reactions of the respiratory chain 2. ATP synthase, which use the H+ gradient to make ATP 3. Specific transport proteins that regulate the passage of metabolites into and out of the matrix 4. Protein import machinery

- it contains enzymes. It can catalyze ATP to create ADP. -symbolic enzyme: adenylate kinase

intermembrane space

symbolic enzyme in intermembrane space

Adenylate Kinase

-Enzymes are abundant in here. It also contains mitochondrial genetic system including DNA and ribosome. - some reaction pathways take place in the here. -symbolic enzyme: malic acid dehydrogenase.

Matrix

Symbolic enzyme in matrix

malic acid dehydrogenase

-it also call ATP synthase. -it lies in the inner membrane

elementary particle