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BIO107- CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY > LESSON 3b: Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

LESSON 3b: Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q
  • Step-by-step breakdown
    of high-energy glucose
    molecules to release
    energy
  • Takes place day and
    night in all living cells
  • Occurs in stages,
    controlled by enzymes
A

Cellular Respiration

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2
Q

An ATP molecule contains potential energy, much like a
compressed spring. When a ________________________________
during a chemical reaction, energy is released

A

phosphate group is pulled away

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3
Q

This cycle is the fundamental
mode of energy exchange in
biological systems.

A

ATP-ADP Cycle

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4
Q

ATP—> ADP

A

-Motion
-Active Transport
-Biosynthesis
-Signal Amplification

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5
Q

ATP is constantly
__________ in your cells

A

recycled

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5
Q

ADP—> ATP

A

Oxidation of fuel molecules or Photosynthesis

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6
Q

A ____________
recycles all of its ATP
molecules about once
each minute

A

working muscle cell

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7
Q

How many ATP molecules is spent and regenerated per second?

A

10 million

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8
Q

Types of Respiration

A

-Aerobic Respiration
-Anaerobic Respiration

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9
Q

– Occurs in the presence of
oxygen
– When chemically breaking
down glucose completely,
this process releases large
amounts energy
- Releasing carbon dioxide and
water as waste products

A

Aerobic respiration

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10
Q

-Occurs if there is a lack of
oxygen available for aerobic
respiration
-Only Glycolysis occurs
-Glucose is incompletely
broken down
-In this type of respiration a
lot less energy is -produced
and most of it is lost as heat.

A

Anaerobic respiration

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11
Q

Breakdown of
Cellular Respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis (splitting of sugar)
  2. Grooming Phase
  3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
  4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
    and Oxidative Phosphorylation
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11
Q

cytosol, just outside of
mitochondria.

A

Glycolysis (splitting of sugar)

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12
Q

migration
from cytosol to matrix

A

Grooming Phase

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12
Q

done in mitochondrial matrix

A

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

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12
Q

a. Also called Chemiosmosis
b. inner mitochondrial
membrane

A

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
and Oxidative Phosphorylation

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13
Q

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
and Oxidative Phosphorylation is also called?

A

Chemiosmosis

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13
Q

4 metabolic stages

A

– Anaerobic respiration
1. Glycolysis
– Aerobic respiration
2. Pyruvate oxidation
3. Krebs cycle
4. Electron transport chain

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13
Q

– respiration without O2
– in cytosol

A

Glycolysis

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14
Q

– respiration using O2
– in mitochondria

A

Aerobic respiration

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15
Q
  • Breaking down glucose
    – “glyco – lysis” (splitting sugar)
    – ancient pathway which harvests energy
  • where energy transfer first evolved
  • transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP
  • still is starting point for all cellular respiration
    – but it’s inefficient
  • generate only 2 ATP for every 1 glucose
    – occurs in cytosol
A

Glycolysis

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16
Q

Glycolysis: Glucose (6C)——–>__________

A

2 Pyruvate (3C)

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17
Q

Glycolysis: How many ATP is produced for every 1 glucose?

A

2 ATP

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18
Q

first cells had no organelles

A

Prokaryotes

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19
Q

– life on Earth first evolved without free oxygen (O2) in
atmosphere
– energy had to be captured from organic molecules in
absence of O2

A

Anaerobic atmosphere

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20
Q

Prokaryotes that evolved _________ are ancestors of all modern life.

A

glycolysis

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21
Q

How many reactions does glycolysis have?

A

10 reactions

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22
Q

In the last steps of glycolysis, where did the P
come from to make ATP?

A

P is transferred
from PEP to ADP

23
Q

How is ATP formed?

A

ATP is formed when an enzyme transfers a
phosphate group from a substrate to ADP

24
Q

Glycolysis: Net Gain?

A

2 ATP

25
Q

only harvest ____ of energy stored in glucose

A

3.5%

26
Q

no O2= ______________

A

slow growth, slow reproduction

27
Q

______________ = more energy to harvest

A

more carbons to strip off

28
Q

Glycolysis Splits a glucose
molecule into 2 - 3 Carbon
molecules called _________

A

Pyruvate

29
Q

Product of Glycolysis

A

2 ATP, NADH and pyruvate

30
Q

General formula of Glycolysis

A

glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2 NAD+ —-> 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH

31
Q

without regenerating _____
energy production would stop

A

NAD+

32
Q

How is NADH recycled to NAD+?

A

Another molecule
must accept H from
NADH

32
Q

Fermentation (anaerobic): Bacteria, yeast

A

pyruvate (3C) —-> ethanol (2C) + CO2 (1C)

33
Q

Fermentation (anaerobic): Animals, some fungi

A

pyruvate (3C) —> lactic acid (3C)

34
Q

Example of recycling NADH to form NAD+

A

Fermentation (Anaerobic Reaction)

35
Q

Alcohol Fermentation

A

Dead end process

36
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A

Reversible Process

37
Q

Why is alcohol fermentation a dead end process

A

-at ~12% ethanol,
kills yeast
-can’t reverse the
reaction

38
Q

Why lactic acid fermentation a reversible process?

A

once O2 is available,
lactate is converted
back to pyruvate by
the liver

39
Q

Pyruvate is a ___________

A

branching point

40
Q

3 fates of pyruvate produced by glycolysis

A

-Anaerobic (Lactic Acid fermentation)
-Aerobic Oxidation
-Anaerobic (Alcoholic fermentation)

41
Q

Process of ATP Synthase

A

– set up a H+ gradient
– allow H+ to flow
through ATP synthase
– powers bonding
of Pi to ADP

42
Q

ADP + Pi–>_____

A

ATP

43
Q

Oxidation of Pyruvate happens where?

A

mitochondria

44
Q

3 Step oxidation (of pyruvate) process

A

– releases 1 CO2 (count the carbons!)
– reduces 2 NAD —>2 NADH (moves e-)
– produces acetyl CoA

45
Q

Acetyl CoA enters __________

A

Krebs Cycle

46
Q

Pyruvate oxidized to ___________

A

Acetyl CoA

47
Q
  • aka Citric Acid Cycle
    – in mitochondrial matrix
    – 8 step pathway
  • each catalyzed by specific enzyme
  • step-wise catabolism of 6C citrate molecule
  • Evolved later than glycolysis
    – does that make evolutionary sense?
  • bacteria –>3.5 billion years ago (glycolysis)
  • free O2 –>2.7 billion years ago (photosynthesis)
  • eukaryotes –>1.5 billion years ago (aerobic
    respiration = organelles ® mitochondria)
A

Krebs cycle

48
Q

Krebs Cycle: Net Gain (Product)

A

= 2 ATP
= 6 NADH + 2 FADH2

49
Q

If the yield is only 2 ATP then how was
the Krebs cycle an adaptation?

A

– value of NADH & FADH2
* electron carriers & H carriers
– reduced molecules move electrons
– reduced molecules move H+ ions
* to be used in the Electron Transport Chain

50
Q

– series of molecules built into inner
mitochondrial membrane
* along cristae
* transport proteins & enzymes
– transport of electrons down ETC linked to
pumping of H+ to create H+ gradient
– yields ~34 ATP from 1 glucose!
– only in presence of O2 (aerobic respiration

A

Electron Transport Chain

51
Q

Electron Carriers produced in Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle?

A

Glycolysis: 4 NADH
Krebs Cycle: 6 NADH and 2 FADH2

52
Q
  • The diffusion of ions across a membrane
    – build up of proton gradient just so H+ could flow
    through ATP synthase enzyme to build ATP
    -links the Electron Transport Chain to ATP synthesis
A

Chemiosmosis

53
Q
  • Proposed chemiosmotic hypothesis
    – revolutionary idea at the time
A

Peter Mitchell

54
Q

What is the final
electron acceptor in
Electron Transport
Chain?

A

O2

55
Q

So what happens if O2 unavailable?

A
  • ETC backs up
    >nothing to pull electrons down chain
    >NADH & FADH2 can’t unload H
    -ATP production ceases
    -cells run out of energy
    -and you die
56
Q

– Break into AA’s
– Deaminate
– Alanine to pyruvate
– Glutamate to α
ketoglutarate
– Aspartate to oxaloacetate

A

Proteins

57
Q

– Degrade into individual fatty acids &
glycerol
– Oxidized in matrix—enzymes attack
long fatty acid chains and remove 2C
chunks
– Entire chain is converted into acetyl-CoA
– Called Beta oxidation
– Glycerol is converted into pyruvate.

A

FATS

58
Q
  • When there is an excess of intermediates they
    can be used to build necessary molecules.
  • Lipids can be generated from excess acetyl CoA
  • Glycogen is generated from excess pyruvate
  • Amino acids are generated from different
    stages of the krebs cycle.
A

BIOSYNTHESIS

59
Q

_____join the Krebs cycle at
different points

A

AA’s

60
Q

_____can be generated from excess acetyl CoA

A

Lipids

61
Q

______ is generated from excess pyruvate

A

Glycogen

62
Q
A

BIO107- CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (13 decks)

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