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BIO107- CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY > LESSON 3b: Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

LESSON 3b: Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q
  • Step-by-step breakdown
    of high-energy glucose
    molecules to release
    energy
  • Takes place day and
    night in all living cells
  • Occurs in stages,
    controlled by enzymes
A

Cellular Respiration

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2
Q

An ATP molecule contains potential energy, much like a
compressed spring. When a ________________________________
during a chemical reaction, energy is released

A

phosphate group is pulled away

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3
Q

This cycle is the fundamental
mode of energy exchange in
biological systems.

A

ATP-ADP Cycle

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4
Q

ATP—> ADP

A

-Motion
-Active Transport
-Biosynthesis
-Signal Amplification

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5
Q

ATP is constantly
__________ in your cells

A

recycled

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5
Q

ADP—> ATP

A

Oxidation of fuel molecules or Photosynthesis

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6
Q

A ____________
recycles all of its ATP
molecules about once
each minute

A

working muscle cell

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7
Q

How many ATP molecules is spent and regenerated per second?

A

10 million

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8
Q

Types of Respiration

A

-Aerobic Respiration
-Anaerobic Respiration

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9
Q

– Occurs in the presence of
oxygen
– When chemically breaking
down glucose completely,
this process releases large
amounts energy
- Releasing carbon dioxide and
water as waste products

A

Aerobic respiration

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10
Q

-Occurs if there is a lack of
oxygen available for aerobic
respiration
-Only Glycolysis occurs
-Glucose is incompletely
broken down
-In this type of respiration a
lot less energy is -produced
and most of it is lost as heat.

A

Anaerobic respiration

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11
Q

Breakdown of
Cellular Respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis (splitting of sugar)
  2. Grooming Phase
  3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
  4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
    and Oxidative Phosphorylation
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11
Q

cytosol, just outside of
mitochondria.

A

Glycolysis (splitting of sugar)

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12
Q

migration
from cytosol to matrix

A

Grooming Phase

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12
Q

done in mitochondrial matrix

A

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

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12
Q

a. Also called Chemiosmosis
b. inner mitochondrial
membrane

A

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
and Oxidative Phosphorylation

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13
Q

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
and Oxidative Phosphorylation is also called?

A

Chemiosmosis

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13
Q

4 metabolic stages

A

– Anaerobic respiration
1. Glycolysis
– Aerobic respiration
2. Pyruvate oxidation
3. Krebs cycle
4. Electron transport chain

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13
Q

– respiration without O2
– in cytosol

A

Glycolysis

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14
Q

– respiration using O2
– in mitochondria

A

Aerobic respiration

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15
Q
  • Breaking down glucose
    – “glyco – lysis” (splitting sugar)
    – ancient pathway which harvests energy
  • where energy transfer first evolved
  • transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP
  • still is starting point for all cellular respiration
    – but it’s inefficient
  • generate only 2 ATP for every 1 glucose
    – occurs in cytosol
A

Glycolysis

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16
Q

Glycolysis: Glucose (6C)——–>__________

A

2 Pyruvate (3C)

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17
Q

Glycolysis: How many ATP is produced for every 1 glucose?

A

2 ATP

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18
Q

first cells had no organelles

A

Prokaryotes

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19
– life on Earth first evolved without free oxygen (O2) in atmosphere – energy had to be captured from organic molecules in absence of O2
Anaerobic atmosphere
20
Prokaryotes that evolved _________ are ancestors of all modern life.
glycolysis
21
How many reactions does glycolysis have?
10 reactions
22
In the last steps of glycolysis, where did the P come from to make ATP?
P is transferred from PEP to ADP
23
How is ATP formed?
ATP is formed when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP
24
Glycolysis: Net Gain?
2 ATP
25
only harvest ____ of energy stored in glucose
3.5%
26
no O2= ______________
slow growth, slow reproduction
27
______________ = more energy to harvest
more carbons to strip off
28
Glycolysis Splits a glucose molecule into 2 - 3 Carbon molecules called _________
Pyruvate
29
Product of Glycolysis
2 ATP, NADH and pyruvate
30
General formula of Glycolysis
glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2 NAD+ ----> 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH
31
without regenerating _____ energy production would stop
NAD+
32
How is NADH recycled to NAD+?
Another molecule must accept H from NADH
32
Fermentation (anaerobic): Bacteria, yeast
pyruvate (3C) ----> ethanol (2C) + CO2 (1C)
33
Fermentation (anaerobic): Animals, some fungi
pyruvate (3C) ---> lactic acid (3C)
34
Example of recycling NADH to form NAD+
Fermentation (Anaerobic Reaction)
35
Alcohol Fermentation
Dead end process
36
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Reversible Process
37
Why is alcohol fermentation a dead end process
-at ~12% ethanol, kills yeast -can’t reverse the reaction
38
Why lactic acid fermentation a reversible process?
once O2 is available, lactate is converted back to pyruvate by the liver
39
Pyruvate is a ___________
branching point
40
3 fates of pyruvate produced by glycolysis
-Anaerobic (Lactic Acid fermentation) -Aerobic Oxidation -Anaerobic (Alcoholic fermentation)
41
Process of ATP Synthase
– set up a H+ gradient – allow H+ to flow through ATP synthase – powers bonding of Pi to ADP
42
ADP + Pi-->_____
ATP
43
Oxidation of Pyruvate happens where?
mitochondria
44
3 Step oxidation (of pyruvate) process
– releases 1 CO2 (count the carbons!) – reduces 2 NAD --->2 NADH (moves e-) – produces acetyl CoA
45
Acetyl CoA enters __________
Krebs Cycle
46
Pyruvate oxidized to ___________
Acetyl CoA
47
* aka Citric Acid Cycle – in mitochondrial matrix – 8 step pathway * each catalyzed by specific enzyme * step-wise catabolism of 6C citrate molecule * Evolved later than glycolysis – does that make evolutionary sense? * bacteria -->3.5 billion years ago (glycolysis) * free O2 -->2.7 billion years ago (photosynthesis) * eukaryotes -->1.5 billion years ago (aerobic respiration = organelles ® mitochondria)
Krebs cycle
48
Krebs Cycle: Net Gain (Product)
= 2 ATP = 6 NADH + 2 FADH2
49
If the yield is only 2 ATP then how was the Krebs cycle an adaptation?
– value of NADH & FADH2 * electron carriers & H carriers – reduced molecules move electrons – reduced molecules move H+ ions * to be used in the Electron Transport Chain
50
– series of molecules built into inner mitochondrial membrane * along cristae * transport proteins & enzymes – transport of electrons down ETC linked to pumping of H+ to create H+ gradient – yields ~34 ATP from 1 glucose! – only in presence of O2 (aerobic respiration
Electron Transport Chain
51
Electron Carriers produced in Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle?
Glycolysis: 4 NADH Krebs Cycle: 6 NADH and 2 FADH2
52
* The diffusion of ions across a membrane – build up of proton gradient just so H+ could flow through ATP synthase enzyme to build ATP -links the Electron Transport Chain to ATP synthesis
Chemiosmosis
53
* Proposed chemiosmotic hypothesis – revolutionary idea at the time
Peter Mitchell
54
What is the final electron acceptor in Electron Transport Chain?
O2
55
So what happens if O2 unavailable?
- ETC backs up >nothing to pull electrons down chain >NADH & FADH2 can’t unload H -ATP production ceases -cells run out of energy -and you die
56
– Break into AA’s – Deaminate – Alanine to pyruvate – Glutamate to α ketoglutarate – Aspartate to oxaloacetate
Proteins
57
– Degrade into individual fatty acids & glycerol – Oxidized in matrix—enzymes attack long fatty acid chains and remove 2C chunks – Entire chain is converted into acetyl-CoA – Called Beta oxidation – Glycerol is converted into pyruvate.
FATS
58
* When there is an excess of intermediates they can be used to build necessary molecules. * Lipids can be generated from excess acetyl CoA * Glycogen is generated from excess pyruvate * Amino acids are generated from different stages of the krebs cycle.
BIOSYNTHESIS
59
_____join the Krebs cycle at different points
AA’s
60
_____can be generated from excess acetyl CoA
Lipids
61
______ is generated from excess pyruvate
Glycogen
62

BIO107- CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (13 decks)

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