Lesson 3: What is Philosophy Flashcards
The study of government, justice, rights, and the role of individuals in
society.
political philosophy
history of ancient philosophy
pre-socratic; classical greek; hellenistic; medieval; renaissance; modern
age of pre-socratic philosophy
6th-5th century BCE
age of classical greek philosophy
5th-4th century BCE
age of hellenistic philosophy
3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE
age of medieval philosophy
5th-15th century
age of renaissance philosophy
14th-17th century
age of modern philosophy
17th-19th entury
Early Greek philosophers like Thales, Anaximander, and Heraclitus focused on
natural phenomena and sought to explain the nature of the universe.
pre-socratic
philosophers during classical greek
socrates, plato, aristotle
emphasized ethics and dialectical method
socrates
founded the Academy and wrote philosophical
dialogues exploring justice, beauty, and equality
plato
wrote extensively on many subjects, including logic,
metaphysics, ethics, and politics
aristotle
plato was a
student of socrates
aristotle was a
student of plato
what schools emerged in hellenistic philosophy
stoicism, Epicureanism, skepticism
founder of stoicism
zeno of citium
founder of epicureanism
epicurus
medieval philosophy was heavily influenced by
christianity, judaism, islam
who integrated christian theology with greek philosophy
st. augustine and st. thomas aquinas
islamic philosophers during the medieval philosophers
avicenna and averroes
played key roles in preserving and
expanding upon Greek philosophy
Islamic philosophers Avicenna and Averroes
what did st. augustine and st. thomas aquinas do
integrated christian theology with greek philosophy
A renewed interest in classical philosophy and humanism emerged.
renaissance philosophy
thinkers during renaissance philosophy
machiavelli and erasmus
machiavelli and erasmus focused on
human nature and political theory
ideas in modern philosophy
rationalism, empiricism, enlightenment, 19th century
philosophers involved with rationalism
descartes, spinoza, leibniz
descartes, spinoza, leibniz emphasized
reason as the primary source of knowledge
philosophers involved with empiricism
john locke, george berkeley, david hume
john locke, george berkeley, david hume argued that
knowledge comes from sensory experience
philosopher involved with enlightenment
immanuel kant
sought to reconcile rationalism and empiricism, emphasizing the role of human perception in understanding the world.
immanuel kant
philosophers in the 19th century
hegel, marx, nietzsche
developed a comprehensive system of philosophy known as Absolute
Idealism.
hegel
hegel developed
absolute idealism
focused on social and economic theory, critiquing capitalism.
marx
challenged traditional morality and religion.
nietzsche
encompasses a wide range of philosophies that have emerged from Asia,
with distinct traditions developing in India, China, Japan, and other regions.
eastern philosophy
what is under eastern philosophy
indian philosophy, chinese philosophy, japanese philosophy, other traditions
what is under indian philosophy
hinduism, buddhism, jainism
Includes schools like Vedanta, which explores the nature of reality and
self, and Yoga, which emphasizes the mind-body connection.
hinduism
Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha), it focuses on the Four
Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path as a way to alleviate suffering and attain
enlightenment.
buddhism
Emphasizes non-violence (ahimsa), truth, and asceticism, aiming for
liberation of the soul from the cycle of rebirth.
jainism
founder of buddhism
Siddhartha Gautama or the Buddha
hinduism includes schools like
vedanta
ahimsa means
non-violence
what is under chinese philosophy
confucianism, daoism/taoism, legalism
Founded by Confucius, it focuses on ethics, family loyalty, and the
importance of social harmony and moral values.
confucianism
founder of confucianism
confucius
emphasizes living in harmony with the Dao
(the Way), simplicity, and naturalness.
daoism/taoism
daoism/taoism was founded by
laozi
dao means
the way
A pragmatic approach to governance that emphasizes strict laws and
harsh punishments to maintain order.
legalism
what is under japanese philosophy
zen buddhism; shinto
A branch of Mahayana Buddhism that emphasizes meditation
and direct experience as the path to enlightenment.
zen buddhism
zen buddhism is a branch of
mahayana buddhism
A native spiritual tradition focusing on ritual practices and the worship of
kami (spiritual beings or gods).
shinto
kami means
spiritual beings or gods
they also contribute unique
perspectives, often influenced by Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism.
korean, vietnamese, and other asian philosophies
what is under contemporary philosophy
analytic philosophy; continental philosophy
Focuses on language and logical analysis, with key figures like
Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and Willard Van Orman Quine
analytic philosophy
key figures of analytic philosophy
Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Willard Van Orman Quine.
continental philosophy includes
existentialism, phenomenology, post-structuralism
philosophers under existentialism
Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir
philosophers under phenomenology
Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger
philosophers under post-structuralism
Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida
why is there a need to philosophize
critical thinking; questioning assumptions; ethical reflection; clarity of thought; metaphysical exploration; self-understanding; cultural insights; resolving conflicts; guidance in life; advancing knowledge
Philosophy encourages examining beliefs and ideas from different perspectives.
critical thinking
Philosophy helps challenge our assumptions and encourages us to be open to new ideas
questioning assumptions
Philosophy assists in thinking about what is right or wrong and making better
decisions.
ethical reflection
Philosophy improves how we express complex ideas clearly and precisely
clarity of thought
Philosophy explores deep questions about existence, reality, and the universe.
metaphysical exploration
Philosophical reflection helps you understand your own values, beliefs, and
motivations better.
self-understanding
Exploring philosophical ideas related to culture and history helps you understand
different cultures and perspectives better.
cultural insights
Philosophical methods help in resolving disagreements by encouraging rational
discussion and understanding.
resolving conflicts
Philosophical frameworks offer principles and guidance for navigating life’s challenges.
guidance in life
Philosophy helps advance human knowledge by exploring fundamental questions and
encouraging curiosity
advancing knowledge
