Lesson 2: Methods of Philosophizing Flashcards
process of acquiring knowledge
reality - perception - concept - proposition - inference
To know is to
know something
what philosophers call reality, existence,
being
something
everything there is (another name for it
is the Universe
existence
It includes everything we perceive (animals, plants, human
beings, inanimate objects) and everything inside our heads (e.g., our thoughts and emotions)
which represents our inner world.
reality
Our first and only contact with reality is through our senses.
perception
Knowledge begins with
perceptual knowledge
After we perceive things we began to notice that some of the things we perceive are similar to
other things
concept
When we use concepts in order to classify or describe an “existent”
proposition
a particular that exist be
it an object, a person, an action or event, etc
proposition
Proposition is usually expressed in a
declarative statement
An affirmative proposition therefore has the following structure:
S is P
s - subject
p - predicate
is a group of statements, one or more of which (the premises) are
claimed to provide support for, or reason to believe one of the others (the conclusion)
argument
How do we demonstrate that the statement is true? By providing an argument.
inference
a statement that we want
to prove.
conclusion
The last statement beginning with
the word “therefore” is what we call a
conclusion
the conclusion begins with
therefore
theories of truth
correspondence; coherence; pragmatic
t what we believe or
say is true if it corresponds to the way things actually are based on the facts.
correspondence theory
It argues that an idea that correspond with reality is true while an idea, which
does not correspond to reality is false.
correspondence theory
assumes that a belief is true when we are able to confirm it with reality.
coherence theory
In
other words, by simply checking if the statement or belief agrees with the way
things really are, we can know the truth.
coherence theory
h states that a belief/statement is true if
it has a useful (pragmatic) application in the world.
pragmatist theory of truth
It is a mental grasp of reality reached either
by perceptual observation or by a process of
reason based on perceptual observation.
knowledge
This is a science devoted to the discovery of
the proper method of acquiring and
validating knowledge.
epistemology
It is an abstract or generic idea generalized
from particular instances.
concept
This knowledge is validated which means
that it is highly based on the facts of reality.
truth
It is a group of statements, one or more of
which (the premises) is claimed to provide
support for, or reason to believe one of the
others (the conclusion)
argument
who created the dialectic method
socrates
who started pragmatism
charles s. pierce
who popularized pragmatism
william james
who institutionalized pragmatism in american culture
john dewey
aims is to test the dogma of science, religion and philosophy
by determining their practical results.
pragmatism
who conceived phenomenological method
edmund husserl
the idea that everything can be explained in
terms of matter or the physical
naturalism
who created primary and secondary reflections
soren kierkegaard and friedrich nietzsche
who made the analytic method
george edward moore, bertrand russell, ludwig wittgenstein
to clarify how philosophers used words through an
analysis of language
analytic method
we have to put aside one by one all our limiting
beliefs about the world which represents our biases. Husserl calls this process
phenomenological epoche
epoche is the greek word for
bracketing
It is an act of stepping back at our biases and
prejudices to make sure that they do not influence the way we think.
bracketing
