Lesson 2: Methods of Philosophizing

Question 1

process of acquiring knowledge

Answer 1

reality - perception - concept - proposition - inference

Question 2

To know is to

Answer 2

know something

Question 3

what philosophers call reality, existence,
being

Answer 3

something

Question 4

everything there is (another name for it
is the Universe

Answer 4

existence

Question 5

It includes everything we perceive (animals, plants, human
beings, inanimate objects) and everything inside our heads (e.g., our thoughts and emotions)
which represents our inner world.

Answer 5

reality

Question 6

Our first and only contact with reality is through our senses.

Answer 6

perception

Question 7

Knowledge begins with

Answer 7

perceptual knowledge

Question 8

After we perceive things we began to notice that some of the things we perceive are similar to
other things

Answer 8

concept

Question 9

When we use concepts in order to classify or describe an “existent”

Answer 9

proposition

Question 10

a particular that exist be
it an object, a person, an action or event, etc

Answer 10

proposition

Question 11

Proposition is usually expressed in a

Answer 11

declarative statement

Question 12

An affirmative proposition therefore has the following structure:

Answer 12

S is P

s - subject
p - predicate

Question 12

is a group of statements, one or more of which (the premises) are
claimed to provide support for, or reason to believe one of the others (the conclusion)

Answer 12

argument

Question 13

How do we demonstrate that the statement is true? By providing an argument.

Answer 13

inference

Question 14

a statement that we want
to prove.

Answer 14

conclusion

Question 15

The last statement beginning with
the word “therefore” is what we call a

Answer 15

conclusion

Question 16

the conclusion begins with

Answer 16

therefore

Question 17

theories of truth

Answer 17

correspondence; coherence; pragmatic

Question 18

t what we believe or
say is true if it corresponds to the way things actually are based on the facts.

Answer 18

correspondence theory

Question 19

It argues that an idea that correspond with reality is true while an idea, which
does not correspond to reality is false.

Answer 19

correspondence theory

Question 20

assumes that a belief is true when we are able to confirm it with reality.

Answer 20

coherence theory

Question 21

In
other words, by simply checking if the statement or belief agrees with the way
things really are, we can know the truth.

Answer 21

coherence theory

Question 22

h states that a belief/statement is true if
it has a useful (pragmatic) application in the world.

Answer 22

pragmatist theory of truth

Question 23

It is a mental grasp of reality reached either
by perceptual observation or by a process of
reason based on perceptual observation.

Answer 23

knowledge

Question 24

This is a science devoted to the discovery of
the proper method of acquiring and
validating knowledge.

Answer 24

epistemology

Question 25

It is an abstract or generic idea generalized
from particular instances.

Answer 25

concept

Question 26

This knowledge is validated which means
that it is highly based on the facts of reality.

Answer 26

truth

Question 27

It is a group of statements, one or more of
which (the premises) is claimed to provide
support for, or reason to believe one of the
others (the conclusion)

Answer 27

argument

Question 28

who created the dialectic method

Answer 28

socrates

Question 29

who started pragmatism

Answer 29

charles s. pierce

Question 30

who popularized pragmatism

Answer 30

william james

Question 31

who institutionalized pragmatism in american culture

Answer 31

john dewey

Question 32

aims is to test the dogma of science, religion and philosophy
by determining their practical results.

Answer 32

pragmatism

Question 33

who conceived phenomenological method

Answer 33

edmund husserl

Question 34

the idea that everything can be explained in
terms of matter or the physical

Answer 34

naturalism

Question 35

who created primary and secondary reflections

Answer 35

soren kierkegaard and friedrich nietzsche

Question 36

who made the analytic method

Answer 36

george edward moore, bertrand russell, ludwig wittgenstein

Question 37

to clarify how philosophers used words through an
analysis of language

Answer 37

analytic method

Question 38

we have to put aside one by one all our limiting
beliefs about the world which represents our biases. Husserl calls this process

Answer 38

phenomenological epoche

Question 39

epoche is the greek word for

Answer 39

bracketing

Question 40

It is an act of stepping back at our biases and
prejudices to make sure that they do not influence the way we think.

Answer 40

bracketing