Lesson 3- Bacteria Flashcards
Morphology
Categorizing animals based on physical characteristics
Shared ancestral character
Originated in taxon ancestor
Derived character
Evolves, unique to one group
Monophyletic clade
common ancestor + all descendants (best)
Paraphyletic clade
common ancestor + most descendants
Polyphyletic clade
including something that doesn’t belong (worst)
Bacteria cell walls are made of
Peptidoglycan
Gram neg vs Gram pos
Neg has extra membrane covering pep layer
Gram stain process
- stain everything with violet
- apply iodine (binds violet/pep)
- apply ethanol (remove excess)
- apply counterstain (pink)
Natural Resistances
- capsule (toxic membrane for gram neg)
- endospore (resistant capsule that stores DNA)
Genetic Variation
- mutation
- conjugation (sharing genes through conjunction tube)
- transduction (from virus)
- transformation (DNA from surroundings)
Photoautotroph
light energy, synthesize organic carbon (glucose) from inorganic carbon (CO2), plants
Chemoautotroph
chemical energy, synthesize organic carbon (glucose) from inorganic carbon (CO2), hydrothermal vent bacteria
Photoheterotroph
light energy, needs organic source to make compounds (very few species)
Chemoheterotroph
chemical energy, needs organic source to make compounds (animals)
Nitrogen Fixation
N2 gas is stable, can’t be broken, needs to be converted to ammonia/nitrated by bacteria’s heterocycts
Heterocysts
Differentiated cyanobacteria cells
Phylum Proteobacteria
g-neg, diverse, n-fixation, mutualists, parasites
Phylum Chlamydias
g-neg, animal cell parasites, small, live inside cells, STDs
Phylum Spirochetes
g-neg, spiral-shaped, very mobile, parasites, survive in thick fluids (like blood), syphilis, Lyme
Phylum Cyanobacteria
g-neg, photosynthetic, form chain-like colonies
Phylum Firmicutes
gram pos, diverse, many decomposers, parasites, soil habitat,
Archaea
- prokaryote extremophiles
- lack peptidoglycan
- “archaeotes”
