Lesson 3

Question 1

opened

the first humanitarian institution in North America

Answer 1

Samuel G. Howe

Question 2

a significant limitation in
intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior which
begins before age 18

Answer 2

Intellectual disability

Question 3

1950

Answer 3

National Association for Retarded Children was

formed

Question 4

1962

Answer 4

President John F. Kennedy formed the

President’s Panel on Mental Retardation

Question 5

interpreted “strange

anomalies” as throwbacks to the Mongol race

Answer 5

J. Langdon H. Down

Question 6

“the science dealing with all influences that
improve the inborn qualities of a race” ~ Sir Francis
Galton

Answer 6

Eugenics

Question 7

Led to the view that individuals with ID (moral

imbeciles, or morons) were threats to society

Answer 7

Sir Francis

Galton

Question 8

– Commissioned by the French government to
identify schoolchildren who might need special
help in school
– Developed the first intelligence tests

Answer 8

Alfred Binet and Theophile Simon (1900s)

Question 9

how effectively individuals cope
with ordinary life demands and how capable they are of
living independently

Answer 9

Adaptive functioning

Question 10

is relatively stable over time

Answer 10

IQ

Question 11

the phenomenon that IQ scores

have risen about three points per decade

Answer 11

The Flynn Effect

Question 12

is a disorder with onset during the developmental period that includes both intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits in conceptual, social, and practical domains.

Answer 12

Intellectual disability

Question 13

• About 85% of persons with ID
• Typically not identified until early elementary years
• Overrepresentation of minority group members
• Develop social and communication skills
• Live successfully in the community as adults with
appropriate supports

Answer 13

Severity Level: Mild

Question 14

• About 10% of persons with ID
• Usually identified during preschool years
• Applies to many people with Down syndrome
• Benefit from vocational training
• Can perform supervised unskilled or semiskilled work
in adulthood

Answer 14

Severity Level: Moderate

Question 15

• About 3%-4% of persons with ID
• Often associated with organic causes
• Usually identified at a very young age
– Delays in developmental milestones and visible
physical features are seen
• May have mobility or other health problems
– Need special assistance throughout their lives
– Live in group homes or with their families

Answer 15

Severity Level: Severe

Question 16

• About 1%-2% of persons with ID
• Identified in infancy due to marked delays in
development and biological anomalies
• Learn only the rudimentary communication skills
• Require intensive training for:
– Eating, grooming, toileting, and dressing behaviors
• Require lifelong care and assistance

Answer 16

Severity Level: Profound

Question 17

•The underlying symbolic abilities of children are
believed to be largely intact
• There is considerable delay in expressive language
development; expressive language is weaker than
receptive language
• Fewer signals of distress or desire for proximity with
primary caregiver
• Delayed, but positive, development of selfrecognition
• Delayed and aberrant functioning in internal state
language
– Reflects emergent sense of self and others
• Deficits in social skills and social-cognitive ability; can
lead to rejection by peers

Answer 17

Down syndrome

Question 18

– Can be life-threatening
– Affects about 8% of persons across all ages and
levels of ID

Answer 18

Self-injurious behavior (SIB)

Question 19

genetic disorders and accidents in the

womb

Answer 19

Prenatal

Question 20

prematurity and anoxia

Answer 20

Perinatal

Question 21

meningitis and head trauma

Answer 21

Postnatal

Question 22

there is a clear biological basis

– Associated with severe and profound MR

Answer 22

Organic group

Question 23

there is no clear organic
basis
– Associated with mild MR

Answer 23

Cultural-familial group

Question 24

Risk Factors

Answer 24

Four major categories of risk factors 
– Biomedical
– Social
– Behavioral
– Educational

Question 25

a collection of genes that pertain to

intelligence

Answer 25

Genotype

Question 26

the expression of the genotype in the

environment (gene-environment interaction)

Answer 26

Phenotype

Question 27

is usually the result of failure of the
21st pair of the mother’s chromosomes to separate
during meiosis ► causes an additional chromosome

Answer 27

– Down syndrome

Question 28

is the most common cause of

inherited ID

Answer 28

Fragile-X syndrome

Question 29

Both are associated with abnormality of chromosome

15

Answer 29

Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes

Question 30

inborn errors of metabolism

Answer 30

Single-gene conditions

Question 31

– Estimated to occur in one-half to two per 1000

live births

Answer 31

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

Question 32

Child’s overall adjustment is a function of

Answer 32

– Parental participation, family resources, social
supports, level of intellectual functioning, basic
temperament, and other specific deficits

Question 33

• Early intervention
– One of the most promising methods for enhancing
the intellectual and social skills of young children
with developmental disabilities
– Carolina Abecedarian Project provides enriched
environments from early infancy through
preschool years
– Optimal timing for intervention is during
preschool years

Answer 33

Psychosocial Treatments

Question 34

• Initially seen as a means to control or redirect
negative behaviors
• Association for Behavior Analysis (ABA) Task Force
advocates that:
– Each individual has the right to the least restrictive
effective treatment and the right to treatment
that results in safe and meaningful behavior
change

Answer 34

Behavioral Approaches

Question 35

• Self-instructional training and metacognitive training
• Verbal instructional techniques
• Teaching the child to be strategical and
metastrategical

Answer 35

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Question 36

• Help families cope with the demands of raising a
child with ID
• Some ID children and adolescents benefit from
residential care or out-of-home placement
• The inclusion movement integrates individuals with
disabilities into regular classroom settings
– Curriculum is adapted to individual needs

Answer 36

Family-Oriented Strategies