Lesson 3 Flashcards
opened
the first humanitarian institution in North America
Samuel G. Howe
a significant limitation in
intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior which
begins before age 18
Intellectual disability
1950
National Association for Retarded Children was
formed
1962
President John F. Kennedy formed the
President’s Panel on Mental Retardation
interpreted “strange
anomalies” as throwbacks to the Mongol race
J. Langdon H. Down
“the science dealing with all influences that
improve the inborn qualities of a race” ~ Sir Francis
Galton
Eugenics
Led to the view that individuals with ID (moral
imbeciles, or morons) were threats to society
Sir Francis
Galton
– Commissioned by the French government to
identify schoolchildren who might need special
help in school
– Developed the first intelligence tests
Alfred Binet and Theophile Simon (1900s)
how effectively individuals cope
with ordinary life demands and how capable they are of
living independently
Adaptive functioning
is relatively stable over time
IQ
the phenomenon that IQ scores
have risen about three points per decade
The Flynn Effect
is a disorder with onset during the developmental period that includes both intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits in conceptual, social, and practical domains.
Intellectual disability
• About 85% of persons with ID
• Typically not identified until early elementary years
• Overrepresentation of minority group members
• Develop social and communication skills
• Live successfully in the community as adults with
appropriate supports
Severity Level: Mild
• About 10% of persons with ID
• Usually identified during preschool years
• Applies to many people with Down syndrome
• Benefit from vocational training
• Can perform supervised unskilled or semiskilled work
in adulthood
Severity Level: Moderate
• About 3%-4% of persons with ID
• Often associated with organic causes
• Usually identified at a very young age
– Delays in developmental milestones and visible
physical features are seen
• May have mobility or other health problems
– Need special assistance throughout their lives
– Live in group homes or with their families
Severity Level: Severe
• About 1%-2% of persons with ID
• Identified in infancy due to marked delays in
development and biological anomalies
• Learn only the rudimentary communication skills
• Require intensive training for:
– Eating, grooming, toileting, and dressing behaviors
• Require lifelong care and assistance
Severity Level: Profound
•The underlying symbolic abilities of children are
believed to be largely intact
• There is considerable delay in expressive language
development; expressive language is weaker than
receptive language
• Fewer signals of distress or desire for proximity with
primary caregiver
• Delayed, but positive, development of selfrecognition
• Delayed and aberrant functioning in internal state
language
– Reflects emergent sense of self and others
• Deficits in social skills and social-cognitive ability; can
lead to rejection by peers
Down syndrome
– Can be life-threatening
– Affects about 8% of persons across all ages and
levels of ID
Self-injurious behavior (SIB)
genetic disorders and accidents in the
womb
Prenatal
prematurity and anoxia
Perinatal
meningitis and head trauma
Postnatal
there is a clear biological basis
– Associated with severe and profound MR
Organic group
there is no clear organic
basis
– Associated with mild MR
Cultural-familial group
Risk Factors
Four major categories of risk factors – Biomedical – Social – Behavioral – Educational
a collection of genes that pertain to
intelligence
Genotype
the expression of the genotype in the
environment (gene-environment interaction)
Phenotype
is usually the result of failure of the
21st pair of the mother’s chromosomes to separate
during meiosis ► causes an additional chromosome
– Down syndrome
is the most common cause of
inherited ID
Fragile-X syndrome
Both are associated with abnormality of chromosome
15
Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes
inborn errors of metabolism
Single-gene conditions
– Estimated to occur in one-half to two per 1000
live births
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)
Child’s overall adjustment is a function of
– Parental participation, family resources, social
supports, level of intellectual functioning, basic
temperament, and other specific deficits
• Early intervention
– One of the most promising methods for enhancing
the intellectual and social skills of young children
with developmental disabilities
– Carolina Abecedarian Project provides enriched
environments from early infancy through
preschool years
– Optimal timing for intervention is during
preschool years
Psychosocial Treatments
• Initially seen as a means to control or redirect
negative behaviors
• Association for Behavior Analysis (ABA) Task Force
advocates that:
– Each individual has the right to the least restrictive
effective treatment and the right to treatment
that results in safe and meaningful behavior
change
Behavioral Approaches
• Self-instructional training and metacognitive training
• Verbal instructional techniques
• Teaching the child to be strategical and
metastrategical
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
• Help families cope with the demands of raising a
child with ID
• Some ID children and adolescents benefit from
residential care or out-of-home placement
• The inclusion movement integrates individuals with
disabilities into regular classroom settings
– Curriculum is adapted to individual needs
Family-Oriented Strategies
