Lesson 28 Review Flashcards
The gerundive is a ____ ____ ____.
As a ____ it expresses action and may be modified by adverbs and adverbial phrases.
As an ____ it agrees with a noun or noun-equivalent.
Grammar
The gerundive is a PASSIVE VERBAL ADJECTIVE.
As a VERB it expresses action and may be modified by adverbs and adverbial phrases.
As an ADJECTIVE it agrees with a noun or noun-equivalent.
The gerundive has two general uses.
The first use is as an attribute adjective in the oblique cases. In this use it directly modifies a noun and has the meaning of:
a. a ____ ____ participle
b. a ____ ____ participle
Grammar
The gerundive has two general uses.
The first use is as an attribute adjective in the oblique cases. In this use it directly modifies a noun and has the meaning of:
a. a present passive participle
b. a future passive participle
ponte faciendо̄
by building a bridge
(Lit.: by a bridge being built)
dē ponte faciendо̄
about building a bridge
(Lit.: about a bridge to be built)
1. Translate literally and normally; 2. Explain the italicized words
Caesar in bellīs cо̄nficiendīs celer erat.
Exercise
MODEL: Haec fuit ratiо̄ bellī gerendī.
This was the plan of (for) waging the war.
(Literally, This was the plan of the war to-be-waged.
[Explanation: Gerendī is the genitive neuter singular of the gerundive of gerо̄; it modifies and agrees with bellī, which depends on ratiо̄.]
Caesar was swift in wars being-finished (in bringing wars to an end). (Cо̄nficiendīs, attrib. gerundive modifying bellīs, abl. w. in.)
Translate:
By burning the grain they tried to force the Romans to withdraw from Gaul.
Exercise
MODEL: They were desirous of capturing the city.
Change to: They were desirous of the city to-be-captured.
Urbis capiendae cupidī erant.
Frūmentо̄ incendendо̄ cо̄gere Rо̄mānо̄s ex Galliā sē recipere cо̄nātī sunt.
Credo in unum Deum.
Review
I believe in one God.
Arma virumque cano.
Review
I sing of arms and a man.
—Virgil
hiberna -orum n.
Review
hibernate
winter quarters
noun
insídiae -arum f.
Review
insidious
plot, ambush
noun
castra -orum n.
Review
camp
noun
angústiae -arum f.
Review
anguish
narrow place, difficulties
noun
impedimenta -orum n.
Review
impediment
baggage, baggage train
noun
arma -orum n.
Review
alarm
arms, weapons
noun
Honor virtutis praémium.
Review
Esteem is the reward of virtue.
mors mortis f. (i-stem)
Review
mortal
death
noun
caedes caedis f. (i-stem)
Review
slaughter
noun
ácies aciei f.
Review
battle line
noun
virtus virtutis f.
Review
virtuous
courage, virtue
noun
salus salutis f.
Review
salutary
safety, welfare, salvation
noun
murus -i m.
Review
mural
wall
noun
númerus -i m.
Review
enumerate
number
noun
glória -ae f.
Review
glorify
fame, glory
noun
princeps príncipis m.
Review
principate
chief, leading man
noun
Bella gerant álii!
Review
Let others wage war!
—Ovid
mília mílium n. w/gen.
Review
thousands
noun
auxília -orum n.
Review
auxiliaries
reinforcements
noun
fines fínium m. (i-stem)
Review
territory
noun
eques équitis m.
Review
equestrian
horseman
noun
cópiae -arum f.
Review
troops, forces
noun
finis finis m.
Review
finish
boundary, end
noun
lítterae -arum f.
Review
letter (epistle), dispatch
noun
cópia -ae f.
Review
copious
abundance, supply
noun
équites équitum m.
Review
cavalry
noun
líttera -ae f.
Review
literal, literary
letter (alphabet)
noun
We have seen that purpose can be expressed by clauses introduced by ____ , ____, or a relative pronoun.
Grammar
We have seen that purpose can be expressed by clauses introduced by ut (nē), quо̄, or a relative pronoun.
Vēnit ut Rо̄mam videret.
He came that he might see Rome.
He came to see Rome.
The ____ and ____ may be used with ad or causā to express ____.
Grammar
The GERUND and GERUNDIVE may be used with ad or causā to express PURPOSE.
They came to talk.
Ad loquendum vēnērunt.
Loquendī causā vēnērunt.
He came to see Rome.
Ad Rо̄mam videndam vēnit.
Rо̄mae videndae causā vēnit.
Translate:
Equitēs ad explorandum saepe missī sunt.
Exercise
MODEL: Equitēs ad agrо̄s vastandо̄s mīsit.
He sent the cavalry to ravage the fields.
(Literally, He sent the cavalry for the fields to-be-ravaged.)
The cavalry was often sent to reconnoiter.
Translate, using a gerund or gerundive to express purpose:
Christ came to help all men.
Exercise
MODEL: They came to capture the city.
Change to: They came for the city to-be-captured.
Ad urbem capiendam vēnērunt.
or: They came for the sake of the city to-be-captured.
Urbis capiendae causā vēnērunt.
Chrīstus ad omnēs hominēs adjuvandо̄s vēnit.
Translate:
The Romans forbade Caesar to lead his men into Italy.
Exercise
Rо̄mānī vetuērunt Caesarem suо̄s in Italiam dūcere.
in médias res
Review
into the middle of things
—Horace
últimus -a -um
Review
ultimate
farthest, most remote, last
adj.
summus -a -um
Review
summit
highest, greatest, very great
adj.
réliquus -a -um
Review
relinquish
remaining, the rest of
adj.
firmus -a -um
Review
firm
vigorous, solid, steadfast
adj.
cómmodus -a -um
Review
commodious
convenient, comfortable
adj.
adversus -a -um w/dat.
Review
adverse
unfavorable, facing (towards)
adj.
próximus -a -um w/dat.
Review
approximate
nearest, next (to)
adj.
extremus -a -um
Review
outermost, extreme, last
adj.
cavus -a -um
Review
cave
hollow
adj.
médius -a -um
Review
medial
middle (of)
adj.
egrégius -a -um
Review
distinguished
adj.
amplus -a -um
Review
ample
spacious, splendid
adj.
Quid Romae fáciam?
Review
What should I do in Rome?
—Juvenal
verto -ere verti versus
Review
vortex
to turn
verb
lego -ere lēgi lectus
Review
lecture
to read
verb
defendo -ere defendi defensus
Review
defendant
to defend
verb
ascendo -ere ascendi ascensus
Review
ascend
to climb up
verb
pando -ere pandi passus
Review
to spread, expand
verb
incendo -ere incendi incensus
Review
incendiary, incense
to set fire to, burn
verb
contendo -ere contendi – w/infin.
Review
to strive, hasten, contend
verb
occido -ere occidi occisus
Review
to cut down, kill
verb
emo -ere ēmi emptus
Review
redeem, Caveat Emptor
to buy
verb
bibo -ere bibi bíbitus
Review
beverage, imbibe
to drink
verb
Nunc Dimittis
Review
Now you dismiss
cólloco (1)
Review
collocate, couch
place, station
verb
accómmodo (1)
Review
accommodate, accommodation
to adapt to
verb
conservo (1)
Review
conserve
to preserve, spare
verb
appropinquo (1)
w/ad or w/dat.
Review
to approach, draw near to
verb
convénio -ire convēni conventus
Review
convene, convention
to come together, assemble
verb
cómparo (1)
Review
compare
to get ready, prepare
verb
confirmo (1)
Review
confirm, confirmation
to encourage, strengthen
verb
administro (1)
Review
administrate
to govern, manage, attend to
verb
dimitto -ere dimisi dimissus
Review
to send away, dismiss
verb
ádjuvo adjuvare adjuvi adjutus
Review
adjutant
to help, aid
verb
sustíneo -ēre sustínui sustentus
Review
to sustain, withstand
verb
id est (i.e.)
Review
that is
obtíneo -ēre obtínui obtentus
Review
obtain
to hold, occupy
verb
pertíneo -ēre pertínui – w/ad
Review
pertinent
to pertain to, stretch to
verb
cómpleo -ēre complevi completus w/abl.
Review
complete
to fill (with)
verb
commóveo -ēre commovi commotus
Review
commotion
to alarm, arouse
verb
retíneo -ēre retínui retentus
Review
rein, retain
to hold back, keep
verb
contíneo -ēre contínui contentus
Review
contain
to restrain, hold in
verb
absum abesse áfui afuturus w/a (ab)
Review
to be away, be absent
verb
tribunus -i m.
Review
tribunal
tribune
noun
núntius -i m.
Review
nuncio
messenger, message
noun
Translate:
He sent two cohorts in order to ward off the enemy.
Exercise
(Study the meaning of in carefully before translating.)
Ad hostēs prohibendо̄s duo cohortēs mīsit.
Ave atque vale.
Review
Hail and farewell.
—Catullus
inquit
Review
he/she said (introduces a direct quote)
verb
in princípio
Review
in the beginning
expression
ave!
Review
hail!
interj.
primā luce
Review
at dawn
expression
a tergo
Review
in/from the rear
expression
vehementer
Review
greatly, violently
adv.
in saécula saeculorum
Review
forever, world without end
expression
a fronte
Review
in/from the front
expression
úndique
Review
from/on all sides
adv.
neque
Review
nor, and … not
conj.
neque … neque
Review
neither … nor
conj.
atque (ac)
Review
and
conj.
nam
Review
for
conj.
Quod Erat Demonstrandum (QED)
Review
which was to be shown
qui quae quod
cujus cujus cujus
cui cui cui
quem quam quod
quo quā quo
Review
relative (singular)
pronoun
qui quae quae
quorum quarum quorum
quibus quibus quibus
quos quas quae
quibus quibus quibus
Review
relative (plural)
pronoun
vero (postpositive)
Review
in truth, but
adv.
usque
Review
all the way
adv.
rursus
Review
again
adv.
qui quae quod
(relative pronoun)
Review
who, which, that
pronoun
statim
Review
at once, immediately
adv.
primum
Review
first
adv.
satis
Review
enough, sufficiently
adv.
praetérea
Review
besides, furthermore
adv.
omnino
Review
altogether, at all, in all
adv.
clam
Review
secretly
adv.
at
Review
but
conj.
última rátio regum
Review
the last resort of kings
eidem eaedem éadem
eorundem earundem eorundem
eisdem eisdem eisdem
eosdem easdem éadem
eisdem eisdem eisdem
Review
the same (plural)
pronoun
īdem éadem idem
ejusdem ejusdem ejusdem
eidem eidem eidem
eundam eandem idem
eodem eādem eodem
Review
the same (singular)
pronoun
timor timoris m.
Review
timorous
fear
noun
munítio munitionis f.
Review
munitions
fortification
noun
régio regionis f.
Review
region
noun
mens mentis f. (i-stem)
Review
mental
mind
noun
īdem éadem idem
Review
same
adj.
rátio rationis f.
Review
ratio
reason, manner
noun
custos custodis m.
Review
custodian
guard
noun
causa -ae f.
Review
cause
noun
natura -ae f.
Review
natural
nature
noun
senténtia -ae f.
Review
sentence
opinion, vote
noun
mora -ae f.
Review
demur
delay
noun
quis quid
cujus cujus
cui cui
quem quid
quo quo
Review
interrogative (singular)
pronoun
quis quid
Review
who? what?
pronoun
peto -ere petivi petitus
Review
petition
to seek, beg, request
verb
pervénio -ire pervēni perventus
w/in or ad (both w/acc.)
Review
parvenu
to arrive
verb
cognosco -ere cognovi cógnitus
Review
cognition, cognitive
to learn, find out
verb
quaero quaérere quaesivi quaesitus
Review
query
to seek, ask
verb
cerno -ere crevi –
Review
concern
to distinguish, see
verb
Quis custódiet ipsos custodes?
Review
Who will guard the guards themselves?
—Juvenal
vasto (1)
Review
devastate
to lay waste, ravage
verb
íncito (1)
Review
to incite, arouse
verb
probo (1)
Review
probable, probation
to approve, prove
verb
expugno (1)
Review
to storm, take by storm
verb
qui quae quae
quorum quarum quorum
quibus quibus quibus
quos quas quae
quibus quibus quibus
Review
interrogative (plural)
pronoun
paco (1)
Review
pay
to pacify
verb
hora -ae f.
Review
hour
noun
Non oratorem, non senatorem, sed piscatorem
Review
Not an orator, nor a senator, but a fisherman
—St. Augustine of Hippo
qui quae quod
(interrogative adjective)
Review
what? which?
adj.
discedo -ere discessi –
Review
to depart, withdraw
verb
relinquo relínquere reliqui relictus
Review
relinquish
to leave, leave behind
verb
ostendo -ere ostendi ostentus
Review
ostensible, ostentatious
to show
verb
magnitudo magnitúdinis f.
Review
magnitude
size, greatness
noun
constítuo -túere constítui constitutus w/infin.
Review
constitute
to place, set up, decide, determine
verb
vigília -ae f.
Review
vigil
watch
noun
nemo néminis m.
Review
no one
noun
