Lesson 27 Review Flashcards
perspiciо̄, perspicere, perspexī, perspectus, 3, tr.; acc. w. infin.
Vocabulary
view, inspect, perceive
morior, morī, mortuus sum, 3, intr.
Vocabulary
die
How is the GERUNDIVE formed?
Grammar
The GERUNDIVE is formed by substituting us, a, um, etc., for the case ending of the gerund.
Deponent verbs have a gerundive that is ____ in both ____ and ____.
Grammar
Deponent verbs have a gerundive that is PASSIVE in both FORM and MEANING.
When the gerund would have an ____ ____ the gerundive construction is generally used instead of the gerund.
Grammar
When the gerund would have an ACCUSATIVE OBJECT the gerundive construction is generally used instead of the gerund.
EXAMPLE: They are desirous of seeing the city.
The gerund construction would be: Urbem videndī cupidī sunt. Since the urbem would be an accusative object the construction is changed to the gerundive as follows:
1. The accusative object is put in the case of the gerund.
Urbis (The gerund videndī is genitive.)
2. The gerundive is made to agree with it.
Urbis videndae
The complete sentence now is:
Urbis videndae cupidī sunt.
(Lit.: They are eager for the city to-be-seen.)
They are desirous of seeing the city.
They are eager to see the city.
The gerundive construction should always be used when the gerund with an object would be in which case or follow what part of speech?
Grammar
The gerundive construction should always be used when the gerund with an object would be in the dative or would follow a preposition.
Ad urbem videndam vēnit.
He came to see the city.
(The gerund would be: ad urbem videndum, which should never be used.)
The gerundive construction after which words is a common way of expressing purpose?
Grammar
The gerundive construction after ad or causā (w. gen.) is a common way of expressing purpose.
They came to see the leader.
Ad ducem videndum vēnērunt.
They came to seize the bridge.
Pontis capiendī causā vēnērunt.
The gerundive construction is NOT used when the object of the gerund is ____ or ____.
Grammar
The gerundive construction is NOT used when the object of the gerund is a neuter pronoun or adjective.
Vērum investīgandī causā
For the sake of discovering the truth
The gerundive construction is NOT used when a series of ____ or ____ would result.
Grammar
The gerundive construction is NOT used when a series of -о̄rums or -ārums would result.
For the sake of taking up these arms
(Gerundive would be: Hо̄rum armо̄rum capiendо̄rum causā.)
Haec arma capiendī causā
As a rule only transitive verbs can be used in the gerundive; however, which verbs that were transitive in old Latin are regularly used in this gerundive construction?
Grammar
Ūtror, fruor, fungior, potior, which were transitive in old Latin, are regularly used in this gerundive construction.
In fungendо̄ mūnere
In performing the duty
(Lit.: In the duty-being-performed)
____ verbs are used in this gerundive construction.
Grammar
DEPONENT verbs are used in this gerundive construction.
In eīs sequendīs multās hо̄rās cо̄nsūmpsērunt.
They consumed many hours [in pursing them, in them-being-pursued].
Which forms are always used with the gerundive in the singular agreeing with them irrespective of gender or number?
Grammar
The forms meī, tuī, suī, nostrī, vestrī are always used with the gerundive in the singular agreeing with them irrespective of gender or number.
Nostrī servandī causā in castra fūgimus.
We fled into the camp to save ourselves.
(Nostrī refers to we in the ver fūgimus but the gerundive is servandī not servandо̄rum.)
Mulierēs suī cо̄nservandī causā fūgērunt.
The women fled to save themselves.
(Cо̄nservandī not cо̄nservandārum is used, although suī refers to the FEMININE PLURAL mulierēs.)
To express ____ or ____ the gerundive may be used as a predicate adjective with the proper form of the verb sum.
Grammar
To express OBLIGATION or NECESSITY the gerundive may be used as a predicate adjective with the proper form of the verb sum.
Deus laudandus est.
God is to-be-praised.
God should be praised.
God ought to be praised.
God must be praised.
God has to be praised.
It is necessary to praise God.
Vо̄s laudandī nо̄n estis.
You should not be praised.
Hoc faciendum nо̄n fuit.
This was not-to-be done.
This should not have been done.
As a predicate adjective, which rule does laudandus, a, um follow?
Grammar
As a predicate adjective laudandus, a, um follows the usual rule of agreement for predicate adjectives.
With transitive verbs use the gerundive ____.
Grammar
With transitive verbs use the gerundive personally.
Deus laudandus est.
God is to be praised.
Dīxī Deum laudandum esse.
I said God should be praised.
Rogāvit num Deus laudandus esset.
He asked whether God should be praised.
Translate:
Novum cо̄nsilium capiendum erit.
Exercise
A new plan will have to be made.
Form and translate the gerundive of this verb:
moneо̄
Exercise
monendus, a, um, to be warned, being warned, etc.
volens et potens
Review
willing and able
potúerim
potúeris
potúerit
potuérimus
potuéritis
potúerint
potuissem
potuisses
potuisset
potuissemus
potuissetis
potuissent
Review
to be able, can
perfect system subjunctive
irreg. verb
possum
potes
potest
póssumus
potestis
possunt
póteram
póteras
póterat
poteramus
poteratis
póterant
pótero
póteris
póterit
potérimus
potéritis
póterunt
Review
to be able, can
present system indicative
irreg. verb
possim
possis
possit
possimus
possitis
possint
possem
posses
posset
possemus
possetis
possent
Review
to be able, can
present system subjunctive
irreg. verb
pótui
potuisti
pótuit
potúimus
potuistis
potuerunt
potúeram
potúeras
potúerat
potueramus
potueratis
potúerant
potúero
potúeris
potúerit
potuérimus
potuéritis
potúerint
Review
to be able, can
perfect system indicative
irreg. verb
possum posse pótui – w/dat.
Review
possible
to be able, can
verb
praesum praeesse praefui praefuturus w/dat.
Review
present
to be in command of, in charge of
verb
quantus -a -um
Review
quantity
how large? how great?
adj.
desum deesse défui defuturs w/dat.
Review
to be lacking
verb
obsum obesse óbfui obfuturus
Review
to hinder
verb
adsum adesse ádfui adfuturus
Review
to be present
verb
Ave, Caesar, morituri te salutamus!
Review
Hail, Caesar, we who are about to die salute you!
amans amans
amantis amantis
amanti amanti
amantem amans
amante amante
Review
present active participle declension (singular)
verbal
amans amantis
monens monentis
regens regentis
cápiens capientis
áudiens audientis
Review
present active participle
verbal
amaturus -a -um
moniturus -a -um
recturus -a -um
capturus -a -um
auditurus -a -um
Review
future active participle
verbal
amantes amántia
amántium amántium
amántibus amántibus
amantes amántia
amántibus amántibus
Review
present active participle declension (plural)
verbal
amatus -a -um
mónitus -a -um
rectus -a -um
captus -a -um
auditus -a -um
Review
perfect passive participle
verbal
ínstruo instrúere instruxi instructus
Review
instruct
to draw up, equip
verb
díligo dilígere dilexi dilectus
Review
diligent
to love
verb
traduco tradúcere traduxi traductus
Review
traduce
to lead across
verb
deduco dedúcere deduxi deductus
Review
deduce
to lead, lead away
verb
adduco addúcere adduxi adductus
Review
adduce
to lead to, lead on
verb
Si vis amari, ama.
Review
If you wish to be loved, love.
—Seneca
amare amari
monēre moneri
régere regi
cápere capi
audire audiri
Review
present infinitive active, passive
verbal
nóceo nocēre nócui – w/dat.
Review
nuisance
to do harm to, injure
verb
pello péllere pépuli pulsus
Review
pulse
to drive, repulse, rout
verb
cado cádere cécidi casus
Review
case
to fall
verb
trado trádere trádidi tráditus
Review
tradition
to hand over
verb
dedo dédere dédidi déditus
Review
to give up, surrender
verb
persuádeo persuadēre persuasi persuasus w/dat.
Review
to persuade
verb
repério reperire répperi repertus
Review
repertory
to find (out)
verb
consisto consístere cónstiti –
Review
consist
to halt, take a position
verb
Translate:
The enemy’s fields had to be ravaged lest they should have a supply of grain.
Exercise
Agrī hostium vastandī erant nē cо̄piam frūmentī habērent.
With intransitive verbs or with transitive verbs without a subject use the gerundive ____.
Grammar
With intransitive verbs or with transitive verbs without a subject use the gerundive impersonally.
(If an intransitive verb has a subject in English, put the subject in the case governed by the verb.)
Transitive verb without a subject:
Vincendum est.
(It must be conquered.)
It is necessary to conquer.
Genitive verb:
Meī oblīvīscendum nо̄n est.
I should not be forgotten.
Dative verb:
Deо̄ serviendum est.
God should be served.
Ablative verb:
Dīligentiā ūtendum est.
Care should be used.
Intransitive verb in the accusative with the infinitive:
Dīxī Deо̄ serviendum esse.
I said that God should be served.
Intransitive verb in a subordinate clause:
Rogāvit num Deо̄ serviendum esset.
He asked whether God should be served.
Translate:
Saepe loquendum nо̄n est.
Exercise
Often it is not necessary to speak.
Forsan et haec olim meminisse juvabit.
Review
Perhaps even these things, one day, it will please to remember. —Virgil
amavisse, amatus -a -um esse
monuisse, mónitus -a -um esse
rexisse, rectus -a -um esse
cepisse, captus -a -um esse
audivisse, auditus -a -um esse
Review
perfect infinitive active, passive
verbal
amaturus -a -um esse, amatum iri
moniturus -a -um esse, mónitum iri
recturus -a -um esse, rectum iri
capturus -a -um esse, captum iri
auditurus -a -um esse, auditum iri
Review
future infinitive active, passive
verbal
conjício conjícere conjeci conjectus
Review
conjecture
to throw, hurl
verb
erípio erípere erípui ereptus w/e (ex)
Review
rapture
to take away, save (from)
verb
interfício interfícere interfeci interfectus
Review
to kill
verb
conspício conspícere conspexi conspectus
Review
conspicuous
to see, catch sight of
verb
confício confícere confeci confectus
Review
confectionery
to finish, wear out
verb
recípio recípere recepi receptus
Review
receipt
to receive, accept, recover
verb
accípio accípere accepi acceptus
Review
to receive, accept
verb
Odi et amo.
Review
I hate and I love.
—Catullus
ens entis, esse
potens potentis, posse
fuisse, potuisse
futurus -a -um, futurus -a -um esse
Review
sum, possum
participles, infinitives
verbal
exístimo (1)
Review
to think
verb
aéstimo (1)
Review
estimate
to think
verb
consuevi consuetus w/infin.
Review
to have (become) accustomed, be accustomed
verb
mémini meminnise – w/gen.
Review
memento
to remember
verb