Lesson 27 Review Flashcards
perspiciо̄, perspicere, perspexī, perspectus, 3, tr.; acc. w. infin.
Vocabulary
view, inspect, perceive
morior, morī, mortuus sum, 3, intr.
Vocabulary
die
How is the GERUNDIVE formed?
Grammar
The GERUNDIVE is formed by substituting us, a, um, etc., for the case ending of the gerund.
Deponent verbs have a gerundive that is ____ in both ____ and ____.
Grammar
Deponent verbs have a gerundive that is PASSIVE in both FORM and MEANING.
When the gerund would have an ____ ____ the gerundive construction is generally used instead of the gerund.
Grammar
When the gerund would have an ACCUSATIVE OBJECT the gerundive construction is generally used instead of the gerund.
EXAMPLE: They are desirous of seeing the city.
The gerund construction would be: Urbem videndī cupidī sunt. Since the urbem would be an accusative object the construction is changed to the gerundive as follows:
1. The accusative object is put in the case of the gerund.
Urbis (The gerund videndī is genitive.)
2. The gerundive is made to agree with it.
Urbis videndae
The complete sentence now is:
Urbis videndae cupidī sunt.
(Lit.: They are eager for the city to-be-seen.)
They are desirous of seeing the city.
They are eager to see the city.
The gerundive construction should always be used when the gerund with an object would be in which case or follow what part of speech?
Grammar
The gerundive construction should always be used when the gerund with an object would be in the dative or would follow a preposition.
Ad urbem videndam vēnit.
He came to see the city.
(The gerund would be: ad urbem videndum, which should never be used.)
The gerundive construction after which words is a common way of expressing purpose?
Grammar
The gerundive construction after ad or causā (w. gen.) is a common way of expressing purpose.
They came to see the leader.
Ad ducem videndum vēnērunt.
They came to seize the bridge.
Pontis capiendī causā vēnērunt.
The gerundive construction is NOT used when the object of the gerund is ____ or ____.
Grammar
The gerundive construction is NOT used when the object of the gerund is a neuter pronoun or adjective.
Vērum investīgandī causā
For the sake of discovering the truth
The gerundive construction is NOT used when a series of ____ or ____ would result.
Grammar
The gerundive construction is NOT used when a series of -о̄rums or -ārums would result.
For the sake of taking up these arms
(Gerundive would be: Hо̄rum armо̄rum capiendо̄rum causā.)
Haec arma capiendī causā
As a rule only transitive verbs can be used in the gerundive; however, which verbs that were transitive in old Latin are regularly used in this gerundive construction?
Grammar
Ūtror, fruor, fungior, potior, which were transitive in old Latin, are regularly used in this gerundive construction.
In fungendо̄ mūnere
In performing the duty
(Lit.: In the duty-being-performed)
____ verbs are used in this gerundive construction.
Grammar
DEPONENT verbs are used in this gerundive construction.
In eīs sequendīs multās hо̄rās cо̄nsūmpsērunt.
They consumed many hours [in pursing them, in them-being-pursued].
Which forms are always used with the gerundive in the singular agreeing with them irrespective of gender or number?
Grammar
The forms meī, tuī, suī, nostrī, vestrī are always used with the gerundive in the singular agreeing with them irrespective of gender or number.
Nostrī servandī causā in castra fūgimus.
We fled into the camp to save ourselves.
(Nostrī refers to we in the ver fūgimus but the gerundive is servandī not servandо̄rum.)
Mulierēs suī cо̄nservandī causā fūgērunt.
The women fled to save themselves.
(Cо̄nservandī not cо̄nservandārum is used, although suī refers to the FEMININE PLURAL mulierēs.)
To express ____ or ____ the gerundive may be used as a predicate adjective with the proper form of the verb sum.
Grammar
To express OBLIGATION or NECESSITY the gerundive may be used as a predicate adjective with the proper form of the verb sum.
Deus laudandus est.
God is to-be-praised.
God should be praised.
God ought to be praised.
God must be praised.
God has to be praised.
It is necessary to praise God.
Vо̄s laudandī nо̄n estis.
You should not be praised.
Hoc faciendum nо̄n fuit.
This was not-to-be done.
This should not have been done.
As a predicate adjective, which rule does laudandus, a, um follow?
Grammar
As a predicate adjective laudandus, a, um follows the usual rule of agreement for predicate adjectives.
With transitive verbs use the gerundive ____.
Grammar
With transitive verbs use the gerundive personally.
Deus laudandus est.
God is to be praised.
Dīxī Deum laudandum esse.
I said God should be praised.
Rogāvit num Deus laudandus esset.
He asked whether God should be praised.
Translate:
Novum cо̄nsilium capiendum erit.
Exercise
A new plan will have to be made.
Form and translate the gerundive of this verb:
moneо̄
Exercise
monendus, a, um, to be warned, being warned, etc.
volens et potens
Review
willing and able
potúerim
potúeris
potúerit
potuérimus
potuéritis
potúerint
potuissem
potuisses
potuisset
potuissemus
potuissetis
potuissent
Review
to be able, can
perfect system subjunctive
irreg. verb
possum
potes
potest
póssumus
potestis
possunt
póteram
póteras
póterat
poteramus
poteratis
póterant
pótero
póteris
póterit
potérimus
potéritis
póterunt
Review
to be able, can
present system indicative
irreg. verb
possim
possis
possit
possimus
possitis
possint
possem
posses
posset
possemus
possetis
possent
Review
to be able, can
present system subjunctive
irreg. verb
pótui
potuisti
pótuit
potúimus
potuistis
potuerunt
potúeram
potúeras
potúerat
potueramus
potueratis
potúerant
potúero
potúeris
potúerit
potuérimus
potuéritis
potúerint
Review
to be able, can
perfect system indicative
irreg. verb
possum posse pótui – w/dat.
Review
possible
to be able, can
verb
praesum praeesse praefui praefuturus w/dat.
Review
present
to be in command of, in charge of
verb
quantus -a -um
Review
quantity
how large? how great?
adj.
desum deesse défui defuturs w/dat.
Review
to be lacking
verb
obsum obesse óbfui obfuturus
Review
to hinder
verb
adsum adesse ádfui adfuturus
Review
to be present
verb
Ave, Caesar, morituri te salutamus!
Review
Hail, Caesar, we who are about to die salute you!
amans amans
amantis amantis
amanti amanti
amantem amans
amante amante
Review
present active participle declension (singular)
verbal
amans amantis
monens monentis
regens regentis
cápiens capientis
áudiens audientis
Review
present active participle
verbal
amaturus -a -um
moniturus -a -um
recturus -a -um
capturus -a -um
auditurus -a -um
Review
future active participle
verbal
amantes amántia
amántium amántium
amántibus amántibus
amantes amántia
amántibus amántibus
Review
present active participle declension (plural)
verbal
amatus -a -um
mónitus -a -um
rectus -a -um
captus -a -um
auditus -a -um
Review
perfect passive participle
verbal
ínstruo instrúere instruxi instructus
Review
instruct
to draw up, equip
verb
díligo dilígere dilexi dilectus
Review
diligent
to love
verb
traduco tradúcere traduxi traductus
Review
traduce
to lead across
verb
deduco dedúcere deduxi deductus
Review
deduce
to lead, lead away
verb
adduco addúcere adduxi adductus
Review
adduce
to lead to, lead on
verb
Si vis amari, ama.
Review
If you wish to be loved, love.
—Seneca
amare amari
monēre moneri
régere regi
cápere capi
audire audiri
Review
present infinitive active, passive
verbal
nóceo nocēre nócui – w/dat.
Review
nuisance
to do harm to, injure
verb
pello péllere pépuli pulsus
Review
pulse
to drive, repulse, rout
verb
cado cádere cécidi casus
Review
case
to fall
verb
trado trádere trádidi tráditus
Review
tradition
to hand over
verb
dedo dédere dédidi déditus
Review
to give up, surrender
verb
persuádeo persuadēre persuasi persuasus w/dat.
Review
to persuade
verb
repério reperire répperi repertus
Review
repertory
to find (out)
verb
consisto consístere cónstiti –
Review
consist
to halt, take a position
verb
Translate:
The enemy’s fields had to be ravaged lest they should have a supply of grain.
Exercise
Agrī hostium vastandī erant nē cо̄piam frūmentī habērent.
With intransitive verbs or with transitive verbs without a subject use the gerundive ____.
Grammar
With intransitive verbs or with transitive verbs without a subject use the gerundive impersonally.
(If an intransitive verb has a subject in English, put the subject in the case governed by the verb.)
Transitive verb without a subject:
Vincendum est.
(It must be conquered.)
It is necessary to conquer.
Genitive verb:
Meī oblīvīscendum nо̄n est.
I should not be forgotten.
Dative verb:
Deо̄ serviendum est.
God should be served.
Ablative verb:
Dīligentiā ūtendum est.
Care should be used.
Intransitive verb in the accusative with the infinitive:
Dīxī Deо̄ serviendum esse.
I said that God should be served.
Intransitive verb in a subordinate clause:
Rogāvit num Deо̄ serviendum esset.
He asked whether God should be served.
Translate:
Saepe loquendum nо̄n est.
Exercise
Often it is not necessary to speak.
Forsan et haec olim meminisse juvabit.
Review
Perhaps even these things, one day, it will please to remember. —Virgil
amavisse, amatus -a -um esse
monuisse, mónitus -a -um esse
rexisse, rectus -a -um esse
cepisse, captus -a -um esse
audivisse, auditus -a -um esse
Review
perfect infinitive active, passive
verbal
amaturus -a -um esse, amatum iri
moniturus -a -um esse, mónitum iri
recturus -a -um esse, rectum iri
capturus -a -um esse, captum iri
auditurus -a -um esse, auditum iri
Review
future infinitive active, passive
verbal
conjício conjícere conjeci conjectus
Review
conjecture
to throw, hurl
verb
erípio erípere erípui ereptus w/e (ex)
Review
rapture
to take away, save (from)
verb
interfício interfícere interfeci interfectus
Review
to kill
verb
conspício conspícere conspexi conspectus
Review
conspicuous
to see, catch sight of
verb
confício confícere confeci confectus
Review
confectionery
to finish, wear out
verb
recípio recípere recepi receptus
Review
receipt
to receive, accept, recover
verb
accípio accípere accepi acceptus
Review
to receive, accept
verb
Odi et amo.
Review
I hate and I love.
—Catullus
ens entis, esse
potens potentis, posse
fuisse, potuisse
futurus -a -um, futurus -a -um esse
Review
sum, possum
participles, infinitives
verbal
exístimo (1)
Review
to think
verb
aéstimo (1)
Review
estimate
to think
verb
consuevi consuetus w/infin.
Review
to have (become) accustomed, be accustomed
verb
mémini meminnise – w/gen.
Review
memento
to remember
verb
pluit plúere pluvit –
Review
it rains
verb
coepi coepisse coeptus w/infin.
Review
to have begun
verb
oportet oportēre opórtuit –
Review
it behooves, is proper (that), is necessary (that), should
verb
odi odisse –
Review
odium, odious
to hate, dislike
verb
crescit eundo
Review
it grows as it goes
–
capiendi
capiendo
capiendum
capiendo
Review
gerund
3ʳᵈ io conjugation
verbal
–
regendi
regendo
regendum
regendo
Review
gerund
3ʳᵈ conjugation
verbal
–
audiendi
audiendo
audiendum
audiendo
Review
gerund
4ᵗʰ conjugation
verbal
–
monendi
monendo
monendum
monendo
Review
gerund
2ⁿᵈ conjugation
verbal
–
amandi
amando
amandum
amando
Review
gerund
1ˢᵗ conjugation
verbal
Translate:
It is necessary to remain there four days.
Exercise
Quattuor diēs ibi manendum est.
To express the AGENT with the gerundive use the ____; but ____ and the ____ when there is another dative in the same clause.
Grammar
To express the AGENT with the gerundive use the DATIVE; but ab (ā) and the ablative when there is another dative in the same clause.
Deus nо̄bīs laudandus est.
We should praise God.
We ought to praise God.
We are to praise God.
We must praise God.
It is necessary that we praise God.
It is necessary for us to praise God.
God should be praised by us.
God ought to be praised by us.
Dīligentiā nо̄bīs ūtendum est.
We sould use care.
Deо̄ ā nо̄bīs serviendum est.
We should serve God.
(Ā nо̄bīs is used because of the dative Deо̄.)
Dīxī Deо̄ ā nо̄bīs serviendum esse.
I said we should serve God.
Dīxī Deum nо̄bīs laudandum esse.
I said we should praise God.
Rogāvit num Deus nо̄bīs laudandus esset.
He asked whether we should praise God.
Rogāvit num Deо̄ ā nо̄bīs serviendum esset.
He asked whether we should serve God.
1. Translate; 2. Explain the case of the italicized words
Metus ē cīvitāte nostrā nо̄bīs tollendus est.
Exercise
We must take away (remove) fear from our state. (Nо̄bīs, dat. of agent w. gerundive.)
Translate:
We must conquer or die.
Exercise
Aut vincendum est aut moriendum.
Delenda est Carthago!
Review
Carthage must be destroyed!
—Cato the Elder
amandus -a -um
monendus -a -um
regendus -a -um
capiendus -a -um
audiendus -a -um
Review
gerundives
all conjugations
verbal
gemo gémere gémui –
Review
to groan
verb
ruo rúere rui –
Review
ruin
to overthrow, rush
verb
fremo frémere frémui frémitus
Review
to roar, murmur
verb
incolo incólere incólui –
Review
incult
to inhabit, dwell in
verb
rus in urbe
Review
a countryside in the city
—Martial
miror mirari miratus sum
Review
to admire, wonder at
verb
árbitror arbitrari arbitratus sum
Review
arbitrate
to think, consider
verb
hortor hortari hortatus sum w/infin.
Review
hortative
to urge, encourage, exhort
verb
moror morari moratus sum
Review
demur
to delay
verb
conor conari conatus sum w/infin.
Review
to try, attempt
verb
non séquitur
Review
it does not follow
esse quam videri
Review
to be rather than to seem
—Cicero
vídeor videri visus sum w/infin.
Review
to seem
verb
véreor vereri véritus sum
Review
revere
to fear
verb
pollíceor polliceri pollícitus sum w/infin.
Review
to promise
verb
miséreor misereri miséritus sum w/gen.
Review
to have mercy (on)
verb
méreor mereri méritus sum
Review
merit
to earn, deserve
verb
Dо̄, ‘I give’; trādо̄, ‘I hand over’; cūrо̄, ‘I take care of’; suscipiо̄, ‘I undertake’; and the like may take ____ ____ and a ____ in agreement.
Grammar
Dо̄, ‘I give’; trādо̄, ‘I hand over’; cūrо̄, ‘I take care of’; suscipiо̄, ‘I undertake’; and the like may take an accusative object and a gerundive in agreement.
Urbem mīlitibus dīripiendam trādidit.
He handed over the city to the soldirs to plunder.
(Lit.: the city to-be-plundered.)
Classem aedificandam suscēpī.
I undertook the building of a fleet.
(Lit.: I undertook a fleet to-be-built.)
Translate:
Obsidēs mīlitibus occīdendо̄s trādidit.
Exercise
He handed the hostages over to the soldiers to be killed.
Translate:
Lēgātо̄ ostendit haec cognо̄scenda esse.
Exercise
He pointed out to the lieutenant that these things must be known.
Translate:
Caesarī omnia ūnо̄ tempore erant agenda: vexillum¹ prо̄pо̄nendum², quod erat īnsigne³ cum ad arma concurrī⁴ oporteret; signum tubā⁵ dandum; ab opere⁶ revocandī⁷ mīlitēs; aciēs īnstruenda; mīlitēs cohortandī; signum dandum.
Exercise
¹vexillum, ī, the battle flag.
²prо̄pо̄nо̄, prо̄pо̄nere, prо̄posuī, prо̄positus, 3, tr., display.
³īnsigne, īnsignis, sign, signal.
⁴concurrо̄, concurrere, concurrī, concursum, 3, intr., rush together.
⁵tuba, ae, trumpet.
⁶opus, operis, n., fortification, work, task.
⁷revocо̄, 1, tr., call back.
Caesar had to do everything at one time: display the battle flag which was the sign when they had (for them) to rush together to arms; give a signal with the trumpet; call the soldiers back from the fortification; draw up the battle line; urge on the soldiers; give the signal.
obliviscor oblivisci oblitus sum w/gen.
Review
oblivion
to forget
verb
sequor sequi secutus sum
Review
sect
to follow
verb
loquor loqui locutus sum
Review
loquacious
to talk, speak
verb
proficiscor proficisci profectus sum w/ad
Review
to set out
verb
labor labi lapsus sum
Review
lapse
to glide
verb
Dulce et decorum est pro pátriā mori.
Review
Sweet and proper it is to die for the fatherland.
—Horace
pótior potiri potitus sum w/gen. or w/abl.
Review
to gain control of
verb
órior oriri ortus sum
Review
origin, orient
to rise, arise
verb
adórior adoriri adortus sum
Review
to rise towards, attack
verb
mólior moliri molitus sum
Review
demolition
to set in motion, undertake
verb
órdior ordiri orsus sum
Review
primordial
to begin
verb
progrédior prógredi progressus sum
Review
progress
to advance
verb
pátior pati passum sum
Review
patient
to suffer, allow
verb
aggrédior ággredi aggressus sum
Review
aggression
to approach, assault
verb
mórior mori mórtuus sum
Review
mortuary
to die
verb
egrédior égredi egressus sum w/e (ex)
Review
egress
to go out
verb
Sápere aude.
Review
Dare to be wise.
—Horace
sóleo solēre sólitus sum w/infin.
Review
obsolescent
to be wont, be accustomed
verb
nactus -a -um
Review
having obtained, having found
adj.
gáudeo gaudēre gavisus sum
Review
to rejoice
verb
fido fídere fisus sum w/dat. or w/abl.
Review
confide
to trust
verb
áudeo audēre ausus sum w/infin.
Review
audacious
to dare
verb
Ábiit, excessit, evasit, erupit!
Review
He has gone away, withdrawn, escaped, burst forth! —Cicero
íerim
íeris
íerit
iérimus
iéritis
íerint
iisem
iises
iiset
iisemus
iisetis
iisent
Review
to go
perfect system subjunctive (alt.)
irreg. verb
ii
iisti
iit
íimus
iistis
ierunt
íeram
íeras
íerat
ieramus
ieratis
íerant
íero
íeris
íerit
iérimus
iéritis
íerint
Review
to go
perfect system indicative (alt.)
irreg. verb
iens euntis, iturus -a -um
ire, ivisse/isse, iturus -a -um esse
– eundi eundo eundum eundo
i, ite
Review
to go
participles, infinitives, gerund, imperative
irreg. verb
íverim
íveris
íverit
ivérimus
ivéritis
íverint
ivissem
ivisses
ivisset
ivissemus
ivissetis
ivissent
Review
to go
perfect system subjunctive
irreg. verb
eam
eas
eat
eamus
eatis
eant
irem
ires
iret
iremus
iretis
irent
Review
to go
present system subjunctive
irreg. verb
ivi
ivisti
ivit
ívimus
ivistis
iverunt
íveram
íveras
íverat
iveramus
iveratis
íverant
ívero
íveris
íverit
ivérimus
ivéritis
íverint
Review
to go
perfect system indicative
irreg. verb
eo
is
it
imus
itis
eunt
ibam
ibas
ibat
ibamus
ibatis
ibant
ibo
ibis
ibit
íbimus
íbitis
ibunt
Review
to go
present system indicative
irreg. verb
eo ire ivi (ii) itus
Review
to go
verb
íneo inire ínii ínitus
Review
initial
to begin, enter upon
verb
tránseo transire tránsii tránsitus
Review
transient
to go across, cross
verb
éxeo exire éxii éxitus w/ex or de (both w/abl.)
Review
exit
to go out
verb
rédeo redire rédii réditus
w/ad or in (both w/acc.)
Review
to return
verb
ádeo adire ádii áditus
Review
adit
to go to, visit
verb
ábeo abire ábii abitus
Review
to go away
verb
Translate:
They were devoted to liberty.
Exercise
Lībertātī studēbant.
crocum in Cilíciam ferre
Review
to carry saffron to Cilicia
factus -a -um
fíeri, factus -a -um esse, factum iri
fi, fite
Review
to become, be done
participles, infinitives, imperative
irreg. verb
ferre, ferri
tulisse, latus -a -um esse
laturus -a -um esse, latum iri
fer, ferte
Review
to bear, carry
infinitives, imperative
irreg. verb
tuli
tulisti
tulit
túlimus
tulistis
tulerunt
túleram
túleras
túlerat
tuleramus
tuleratis
túlerant
túlero
túleris
túlerit
tulérimus
tuléritis
túlerint
Review
to bear, carry
perfect system indicative active
irreg. verb
ferens ferentis, latus -a -um, laturus -a -um
– ferendi ferendo ferendum ferendo
ferendus -a -um
Review
to bear, carry
participles, gerund, gerundive
irreg. verb
fero
fers
fert
férimus
fertis
ferunt
ferebam
ferebas
ferebat
ferebamus
ferebatis
ferebant
feram
feres
feret
feremus
feremus
feretis
ferent
Review
to bear, carry
present system indicative active
irreg. verb
feror
ferris
fertur
férimur
ferímini
feruntur
ferebar
ferebaris
ferebatur
ferebamur
ferebámini
ferebantur
ferar
fereris
feretur
feremur
ferémini
ferentur
Review
to bear, carry
present system indicative passive
irreg. verb
fero ferre tuli latus
Review
to bear, carry
verb
díffero differre dístuli dilatus
Review
defer
to disperse, separate, scatter
verb
réfero referre réttuli relatus
Review
refer
to bring back, report
verb
cónfero conferre cóntuli collatus
Review
confer
to bring together, collect
verb
ínfero inferre íntuli illatus w/ad or in (both w/acc.)
Review
infer
to bring into, bring against
verb
áffero afferre áttuli allatus w/ad
Review
afferent
to bring to, report
verb
Fiat.
Review
Let it be done.
quidam quaedam quiddam
Review
certain (one, thing)
pronoun
fio
fis
fit
fimus
fitis
fiunt
fiebam
fiebas
fiebat
fiebamus
fiebatis
fiebant
fiam
fies
fiet
fiemus
fietis
fient
Review
to become, be done
present system indicative
irreg. verb
fio fíeri factus sum
Review
to become, be done
verb
quicumque quaecumque quodcumque
Review
whoever, whatever
pronoun
quisque quidque
Review
each (one thing); every (one, thing)
pronoun
áliquis áliquid
Review
someone, something; anyone, anything
pronoun
Quicumque vult …
Review
Whoever wishes …
volens volentis, nolens nolentis
velle voluisse, nolle noluisse
–, noli nolite
Review
to wish; to wish not
participle, infinitives, imperative
irreg. verb
velim
velis
velit
velimus
velitis
velint
nolim
nolis
nolit
nolimus
nolitis
nolint
Review
to wish; to wish not
present tense subjunctive
irreg. verb
volo
vis
vult
vólumus
vultis
volunt
nolo
non vis
non vult
nólumus
non vultis
nolunt
malo
mavis
mavult
málumus
mavultis
malunt
Review
to wish; to wish not; to prefer
present tense indicative
irreg. verb
malo malle málui –
Review
to prefer
verb
volo velle vólui –
Review
volition
to wish, be willing
verb
fiam
fias
fiat
fiamus
fiatis
fiant
fíerem
fíeres
fíeret
fieremus
fieretis
fíerent
Review
to become, be done
present system subjunctive
irreg. verb
nolo nolle nólui –
Review
to wish not, be unwilling
verb
