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BIOLOGY 474 > Lesson 23: Diversity of Animals > Flashcards

Lesson 23: Diversity of Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the largest extant mammal and the largest extant terresterial

A

blue whale/elephant

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2
Q

therians vs. non therians

A

eutherians
- placental mammals
metatherians
- marsupeals
the nontherian mammals are these monotremes

DIFFERENCES
- thereians are viviperous
- monotroemes lack nipples
- lumbas ribs are lost in the therian
- have a skeleton that is related to bounding behavior
– involved the evolution of the scapular sling
– all this internal viscera is suspended between the scapula and long muscles
—- helps with shock absorber when you’re bouncing through the grass
- therians have a calcaneal heal
– attachment of achillies tendon
– gives the foot a lot of leverage

  • some skull differences
  • the shape of the nasal bones being flared vs rectangular (eitheria)
  • on average the marsupials differ in the dental formula
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3
Q
A
  • some skull differences
  • the shape of the nasal bones being flared vs rectangular (eitheria)
  • on average the marsupials differ in the dental formula
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4
Q

diversity of marsupials

A
  • themetatherians actually got originated in asia (we think)
  • and then they dispersed to north america in the early cenozoic
  • thought to have dispered to australia separated from antartica
  • both groups have dog-like, catlike, flying squirrel0like, fasorial herbivores, and digging ant eaters –>examples of convergent evolution
    ^^^ do not have common ancestor
    ^^^ their ancestors underwent similar environemental pressures
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5
Q

african originating ungulates

A
  • from the provosciea
  • elephants
  • there is evidence of the elephant’s kidney that suggest a faily recent quatic ancestor CONCULUDING that elephants were secondarily terresterial
    ** the first terresterials were aquatic
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6
Q

boroeutheria

A
  • carnivores refer to not only a diet but also to a taxa
  • not equivalent
  • pangolin is the world’s most poached animal despite having the most protection
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7
Q

viviparity is universal for eutherians as a whole + sexual

A
  • thought to evolve once
  • places a big physical change to the mother
  • change in the immune system so that they don’t reject their young
  • reduced pressure having been descended
  • sexual preference of testes being descented
  • scrotum is posterior to the penis in most placentals
  • metatherians have a cloaca
  • process of placentation
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8
Q

process of placentation

A
  • key amniotic membranes
  • form different structures that get different kinds of structures names
  • correoalentic placenta
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9
Q

ex: kangaroo

A
  • presence of transient appearance of a shell (in marsupeals)
  • don’t think of marsupeals as being transiety – it is a pretty derived group
  • often enege with well developed lungs and forelimbs, but an underdeveloped neural system
  • the motehr kangaroo will not assist the young kangaroo – it has to get out of the birth canal then travel into the pouch (might provide a litmus test)
  • in that she hasn’t really invested in her young yet – continue to caring or stop caring and start again
  • kangaroos – one of the rare vertebrates that have sibling offsrping that are simulataneously dependent at different stages –> similar to birds and incubation
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10
Q

tusks can develop out of different teeth

A
  • show sex differences
  • probably a sexually selected for trait
  • rodents are known for gnawing 00 undergo a huge amount of tooth repair

lophodontia
- sharm bladed enamel regions separated by dentene
–> hipsodontia

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11
Q

very large temporalis in carnivores

A
  • not in herbivores, but herbivores have a very strong masseter
  • masseter muscles are good at chewing –> narrow gape
  • carnivores do a lot of wider gape
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12
Q

only cellulose enzymes can digest cellulose

A
  • plant cell wall
  • no known vertebrae that can digest it
  • form a asymbiotic reltionship with bacteria
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13
Q

plants and energy

A
  • plants have a lot of energy content per gram compared to meat
  • then energy that is available is hard to access
  • possible that hindgut digestion is the ancestral trait
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14
Q

hindgut digestion

A

PROBLEM
– the energy is made accessible to the organism in the hindgut, after it passed through the foregut (absoprtion)
- hindgut fermenters – fractures cell wall – increases surface ara

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15
Q

cow stomach

A
  • gets protein from bacteria
  • ^^ cows digest bacteria
  • if you have a ton of forge of diffreent types – a hindgut fermenter can digest them very quickly
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16
Q

rabbits

A
  • hindgut fermenters
  • eat their own poo for nutrients
  • with the elevated surface area to volume raitio – foregut fermenter takes too long – has to be hinggut
17
Q

hindgut

A

do with better quality

18
Q

foregut

A

starve if low quality but high in quality

19
Q

morphologies

A

corsorial limb morphology
- maximizes speed at the expense of power
- tend to be long for coveing distanc e
- musculature restricted to proximal regions – makes the distal regions quite light
HORSE
- most of leg musculature is concentrated close to central body
- restricted to movement in a single plain

20
Q

forsorial limb morphology

A
  • refers to digging
  • maximizes power at the expense of speed
21
Q

altricial

A
  • monotreme
  • marsupial
  • eutherian
22
Q

precocial

A

eutherian cow
- not fully independant but shortly after birth it is on its legs and thermoregulating

23
Q

large mammals

A
  • produce less offspring but their young lives longer compared to smaller mammals
24
Q

large carnivores

A
  • tend to have multiple large altricial young
  • while large herbivores tend to produce few precocial young, herbivores would have to face predation so it is better for them to be independent when born
25
Q

more efficient for carnivores to have altricial young

A
  • the rush to develop wastes energy
  • they have the luxury of slowing things down
  • thermoregulation is incredibly expensive
26
Q

naked mole rats

A

eusocial
– there is a queen
– very genetically related

27
Q

spotted hyena

A

pseudopenia
– female clitorus develops much like a male penis
- females develop under high androgen levels
— very masularized as a result
— they make all the decisions in the group

28
Q

fully aquatic mammals

A

pinepeds come out of the water very often
- spend a lot of time on the peach
- can exist outside the water for certain amount of times
seals and thses other things are still called fully aquatic (species like beavers are semi)
- 3 evolutionary events for aquatic mammals
– blubber instead of haor
^^^^ need blubber to be fully aquatic

BIOLOGY 474 (26 decks)

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