Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOLOGY 474 > Lesson 2 (1/12) > Flashcards

Lesson 2 (1/12) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what makes a vertebrae

A
  • bones in your back (vertebra)
  • 4th tissue layer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

bilateria

A

all animals except for sponges are derived from bilateria
- have bilateral symmetry during some form of their life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

chordata (phylum)

A

3 major groups (subphylum)
- vertebrate
- tunicates (urochordata)
- Cephalochordata (amphioxus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

traits of chordata

A
  • Notochords → dorsal stiffening rod
    –> In development - notochord is replaced by spinal cord – vertebrate (not necessarily bony in chordates)
  • Dorsal neural tube/dorsal hallow nerve cord
  • muscular and segmented post-anal tail
  • endostyle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

endostyle

A
  • Generally it is a ciliated glandular groove on the floor of the pharynx
  • Secretes mucus for feeding purposes
  • Finds the endostyle present in adult stages in urochates and cephalochordates but not vertebrates
  • In vertebrates → it thyroid is a homolog of the endostyle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

blastula

A
  • 3D structure
  • visualize as a basketball
  • single layer of cells - but over the course of development, the blastula invaginates
  • cells are differentiating so they can take on different roles
  • hollow inside
  • imagine pressing the air out of the basketball and wrapping it around itself to form a second cell layer (ectoderm) –> more pinching and invagination will occur to form a third cell layer (ectoderm)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

triploblasty

A

where the 3rd tissue layer forms
- bilateral symmetry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

lancelet

A
  • larva are active
  • is a chordate
  • don’t have the gill tissue that would normally be uses
  • because they are so small – it is thought that they exchange all their gas via diffusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

lancelet characteristics

A
  • pharangeal slits are used for feeding
  • have dorsally positioned aorta
  • have ventrally positioned heart
  • have excretory cells –> similar to kidney cells of vertebreates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what kind of tissues do vertebrates have

A

mineralized tissues
- tissues that get hard and rigit
- for us its bones and teeth
–> don’t assume that the bones and teeth are the only mineralized tissues –> cartilage can get mineralizzed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the fundamental difference between bone and cartilage

A

whether or not it has a blood supply and can fix itself or not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hox Duplication

A

a group of genes that are really fundamental of the pattern of development
- the amount of Hox genes have been duplicated in vertebreates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

neural crest

A

4th germ layer
- quadroblastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is a huge driver of diversification in vertebrates

A

size and activity levels
- when you’re big you have thermal inertia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ectoderm becomes

A

the the cells of the outer body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ectoderm becomes

A

the the cells of the outerbody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what do the 4th tissue layers go onto form

A

(neural crest cells)
– bones and cartilage of the face and neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

osteichthyan

A

bony fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the biggest vertebrate groups

A

vertebrates with jaws and the vertebrates without jaws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

3 components of the skull

A

chondochranium
splanchnocranium
dermatochrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

chondochranium

A
  • that which surrounds the brain
  • usually formed of bone
  • in most vertebrates - during development it replaces cartilage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

endocondral bone

A

bone that replaces cartilage

23
Q

dermal bone

A

bone that does not replace cartilage

24
Q

splanchnocranium

A
  • derived from pharyngeal arches
  • jaw – lower portion that forms gills
  • endochonral and dermal in others
25
Q

dermatocranium

A

forms in the skin as an outder cover of the head

26
Q

cranial muscles

A
  • many groups don’t have cranial muscles
  • not until we get into the mammals where we have cranial muscles (cheek suckling, communicatin)
27
Q

branchiomeric muscles

A

important for vertebrates
- feeding and respiration

28
Q

axial region

A
  • things associated with the vertebrae – spinal column
  • notochord (not bone, but replaced by bone in some vertebrayes)
    axial muscles – myomeres – allow fish to swim rapidly
29
Q

vertebrate circulatory system

A
  • straight from heart to gills (in some fish)
  • we have a double circulatory system
30
Q

thermoregulation

A

adjusting blood flow to periphery
- ex: blood vessels lose up and restrict blood flow to the fingers
- periphery has all the surface area –> easier to lose heat with the large amount of surface area

31
Q

functions of circulatory system

A
  • blood carries oxygen throughout the cells
  • carries nutrients and trasports has
  • hormones
  • oxygen
  • cellular waste
  • homeostasis –> balance of water/salt/sugar
  • immune system
  • more or less a closed system
32
Q

portal system

A

situations where blood is carried strictly by the cardiovascular system from one organ to another organ (normally it goes straight to the heart)

33
Q

excretory and reproductive system

A
  • formed from structures called nephrotomes –> from a nephric ridge
  • in jaw vertebrates there is the archinephric duct –> drains the kidneys
  • in fishes the kidney will extend the length of the dorsal body wall
34
Q

parts that the kindey divides into

A
  • pronephros
  • mesoneophros
  • metanephros

opisthonephros – mesonephros + metanephros

35
Q

nephron

A
  • functional unit of the kidney
  • does all the filtering and exchange of ions
36
Q

in terms of egg produciton

A
  • seasonal in most vertebrats
  • human gamete production (egg) are more or less continuous - but htere is a small seasonal signal –> slight bias of births in september
37
Q

semelparity

A

some fishes only reproduce once in their life

38
Q

who has no special duct for their gametes

A
39
Q

for jawed vertebrates

A

gametes are transported by way of ducts

40
Q

nervous system

A
  • dual type of nervous system
  • ## unique to vertebrates
41
Q

what does the dual type of nervous system mean

A
  • the somatic and visceral nervous stem
42
Q

general traits of vertebrate neurons

A
  • axon
  • myelin sheath
  • nucleus
  • dendrite
  • schwann cell
43
Q

usually how many parts of the brain do vertebrates have

A

3 parts: forebrain/midbrain/hindbrain

44
Q

in more developed vertebrares how many sense organs are there

A

5

45
Q

can aquatic fishes detect vibrations, and detect and process electrical signals

A

yes

46
Q

semicircular canals

A
  • lamprey have 2
  • sharks have 3
  • part of the vestibular system
47
Q

vestibular system

A

associated with hearing
- really important for detecting things such as balance and hearing and orientation
- because of fluid –> there is interia –> lag of fluid, sloshing bends

48
Q

big broad trends to know

A
  • vertebrates become more mobile and active overtime
  • ^^^ requires a better vestibular system –> if you are sessile, you do not need a complex system to do sensory processing
49
Q

fundamental role of endocrine

A

-hormone signaling – also receptors for hormones so signal can be conveyed
- hormone glands - receptors
- often used for communiction – can work on a much broader time scale

50
Q

is the brain an endocrine gland

A

yes

51
Q

negative feedback

A
  • think of it as a thermostat
  • starts to warm up in the house – heat is the stimulus to elict a response
  • output of system serves to regulate the subsequent system
  • in response to a stressor to combat it
    ex: animal detects a stressor
  • releases hormones
  • gives rise to production of cortisol
  • ^^ stimulating metabolic response
52
Q

positive feedback

A

cold air drives more cold air
- parturition – giving birth in a animal

53
Q

endoderm becomes

A

lining of the gut

54
Q

mesoderm

A

contributes to many organ systems - making it triploblastic

BIOLOGY 474 (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions