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BIOLOGY 474 > Lesson 20 - Geography and Ecology of the Cenozoic, Begin Extant Birds and Lesson 21 > Flashcards

Lesson 20 - Geography and Ecology of the Cenozoic, Begin Extant Birds and Lesson 21 Flashcards

1
Q

cenozoic ecosystem

A
  • increasing isolation on continents from marine environments
  • more and more isolating the freshwater bodies from other freshwater bodies
    ^^ see similarities that often result from convergent evolution
    – early cenozoic was dominated by teleosts and the cartilagenous groip
  • penguins were also present as well as puffins (northern hemisphere)
  • whales and dolphins and purposes

IN TERMS OF TERRESTERIAL
- most extant clades are from the cretaceous, so just before the cenozoic
- often refereed to as the age of mammals (cenozoic)
-^^ even thoguh mammals existed before, but they weren’t that diversified and were very small

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2
Q

tundra

A
  • appeared in the pleiostecene
  • also evergreen forest and deserts
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3
Q

the great american biotic interchange

A
  • north and south america separated with the breakup of pangea
  • those faunas developed in isolation
  • isolating evolution of fauna in north america and south america
  • before this – noth continents had herbivores and carnivores
  • eutherians (placental mamamls)
  • metatherians – masupeals (originated in south america as a group)
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4
Q

plateting primates

A
  • known as the new world primates
  • monkeys
  • entered south america from africa in the early part of the senozoic
  • got there we think by rafting – they were presumably on somthing – floating vegetation and eroding earth – the gap between the continent was not that wide
  • there were no primates — all those niche spaces were available
  • had an extensive radiation that old world primates do not have (the new world primates have tails to swing on)
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5
Q

isthmean pairs

A
  • enjoyed passing back and forth between continential areas
  • radiated in very similar patterns
  • clades have evolved independently –> ex: the butterfuly fish
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6
Q

extinctions

A
  • many were caused by himans
  • only the last glacial period that brought the latest glacial extinction
  • repeatedly we have interglacial periods where the glaciers recede and come again
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7
Q

why is it that the most recent glacial period had the most impact on the extinction of vertebrates (and not all many that have occurred before that_

A

– why has the most proximate cause been from humans
– humans weren’t moving around the world like they were in the earlier glacier periods
- so the movement came with a lot of extinction events as humans had advanced to parts of the earth that they haven’t been yet

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8
Q

birds

A
  • around 11,000 species of birds – probabnly more than that
  • flight does not characterize birds
  • egg laying is present in all birds
  • being dieurnal is in a lot of birds
  • best trait to characterize –> feathers –> likely according to mos that some of the non-bird dinosaurs had feathers
  • currently no stable robust phylogeny for the birds
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9
Q

pqleognathaw

A

lack a joint between the pterigoid and the palatine –> joint is fixed

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10
Q

neognathae

A

joint is a hinge between the pterygoid and the palatine

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11
Q

separation of the gallonanserae

A

chickens and dicks

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12
Q

pasoformies

A
  • where approximately half f the known species are found
  • song birds are not part of this
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13
Q

bird characteristics

A
  • size has imposed a constraint on flight
  • biggest flighted bird – california condor
  • numitization of birds
  • fusal of 10-23 caudal vertebrae
  • pigeons overcome mass –> in part due to giant keel of sternum
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14
Q

keel of sternum

A
  • associated with the powered flight of birds
  • provides a surface area
  • can’t have a powerful muscle that is small
  • needs a lot of space to attach bones (hence the keel)
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15
Q

major flight muscles

A
  • opposing muscles
  • bicep relaxes while tricep relaxes (in humans)
  • a muscle never pushes (except for tongue)
  • generally have to be on opposite sides
    UNIQUE
  • flight muscles are on the same side
  • but this is allowed due to the tendon (pectoralisis and supraoforacoideus)
  • key element for not being on opposite sides
    – center of gravitt
    – muscle needs to be big but it helps to keep the mass low
  • so this might have evolved to give the agile bird a lower center of gravity
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16
Q

feather tracts

A
  • they don’t just cover the entire body
  • feathers are located in certain patches
  • big areas where there is no feather growth
  • feathers grow in tracts
  • since so many feathers spread out – it looks like they are covered in feathers
  • most are betaketainin –
  • ppigments give them color and can strengthen them
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17
Q

rackus

A
  • central shaft
  • barb extending off of the ruckus
    (barbules extending out from the barbules (proximal and distal barbules))
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18
Q

preening

A

birds are restablishing the integrity of the vein on their feathers
- also preening applies oil

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19
Q

penacious feathers

A
  • flight and protection
  • like shedding water when it rains
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20
Q

a downing feather

A
  • plumulacious feathers
  • insulation
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21
Q

filopulmes

A
  • sensory structures
  • know the position of feathers
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22
Q

contor (double check tho)

A
  • kind of combination of a downing and a contour feather
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23
Q

bristle feathers

A

used for screening out foreign feaathers

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24
Q

flight

A

understanding bird flight is problematic –> we still do not know a lot about how birds fly 00 we do know how they generate lift
—- bernoulli effect

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25
Q

cross section of the wing for flight and how they lift

A
  • if you look at the leading edge — the distance over the wing from the leading edge to the trailing edge depends whether you go over the top or bottom
  • air hits the front and has 2 ways of travelling (top or bottom)
  • the ones on bottom are lagging
  • end result is that the air molecules traveling over the top of the wing travel a little faster
  • causes a pressure drop (faster moving molecules)
  • net upward pressure
  • SHAPE – cambor – that results in lift
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26
Q

wing loading volume

A
  • mass divided by an area measure
  • heavier birds have greater wing loading
  • affects the power it needs to fly
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27
Q

bird hindlimbs

A
  • ostrich has only 2 toes
  • rhea - 3 toes - specialized in running
  • secretary - 3 toes forward, 1 toe backwards
  • roadrunner - 2 toes forwards, 2 toes backwards
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28
Q

feet for swimming

A
  • do have a generally wide body through
  • legs tend to be further shiften to the rear
  • webbing isn’t always the same
  • some birds have all 4 toes webbed
  • others have lobed foot
    — like paddles
    — coolapse on themselves during forward strike
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29
Q

penguins

A

use their wigs exclusively for aquatic flight

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30
Q

diving petreles

A

wings are used for submarine and aerial flight

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31
Q

petrals

A

use wings exclusively for arial flight

32
Q

evolution of wing use–»

A

a LOT of convergent evolution

33
Q

syrinx

A
  • analogous to our larynx
  • at junction where trachea splits
  • the 2 part pathway allows for 2 sounds to be made
34
Q

beaks

A
  • are not unique to birds
  • but they have given rise to a tremendous amounts of diversity
  • feeding
    — offspring/mate
    — grasp and transport things
  • offense/defense
  • singing
35
Q

skull kinetics in birds

A
  • hinge jaw separates 2 groups of birds
36
Q

distal rhynchokinesis

A
  • long billed wading birds
    – able to open parts of their bill up
    – used when probing for worms in the sand
37
Q

digestion: crop

A
  • enlarged portion of the esophagus
  • used for storage for food for young
  • the young drink crop milk from the columnoforms
38
Q

hormone for driving production of milk post bird

A

prolactin
- when a female gives birth, her prolactin levels shoot up
- it also stimulates parental care behavior
—- tips the balance between sexual behavior and parental behavior

39
Q

discected foregut of the hoatzin + digesting cellulose

A
  • they are one of if not the only truly herbiverous birds
    – they don’t eat other birds/meat
  • more involved process than digesting meat
  • plants have a cell wall
  • no multicellular organism can digest cellulose
  • animal cells have a cell membrane not a cell wall
  • there is a lot of energy in cellulose that can be trapped into these certain bacteria
    ^^^^^ bacteria is able to digest it and (symbiotic relationship) and provide host with a lot of nutrients
40
Q

gizzard

A

some hold stones
- intentionally ingest grit so it can properly ground up seeds

41
Q

european starling

A
  • change in the length of intestive vs. the amount of plant material in diet
  • plant material is harder to digest, needs more surface area
42
Q

tongue

A
  • highly specialized in woodpeckers and in some surface feeders
  • a muscle can only lengthen its length
  • how is it that the hydrostatic muscle of the woodpeckers tongue extent so far
    — the tongue wraps around the skull and even up through the naris
43
Q

sensory systems + unihemispheric one eyed sleep

A
  • most birds can see in the ultraviolet spectrum
  • unihemispheric one eyed sleep
    – they sleep with half their brain awake
    – because they are delicious and make excellent prey
    – the ones at the end of the row of ducks spend more time with their outside eye open
    – scanning for predators
    – they also hooked up EeGs and monitored sleep

-

44
Q

sexually monomorphic

A
  • meaning that by eye humans cannot tell the difference between male and female birds
  • birds can tell via ultraviolet light
  • we may see a black bird but they may see a colorful bird
45
Q

we are trichromatic

A
  • birds have a 4th cone cell – used for detecting this ultraviolet scale
46
Q

olfactory

A
  • barely have any kind of olfactory bulbs
  • however turkey vultures have exceptional olfactory bulbs
  • black vultures mostly use vision and follow turkey vultures
47
Q

hearing

A
  • minute details of a bird’s song can be made out and detected
  • birds have approximately 10X as many hair cells in their cochlear that enhances resolution
48
Q

barn owl hearing

A
  • shape of head abd parabola is used for picking up on sounds
  • collecting and amplifying sounds
  • ex::: like a staellite
  • concentrates sound into a narrow space
    ^^^^ concentrates sounds along radius –> function of facial disk
49
Q

owls

A
  • left ear is further from the right ear
  • difference in timing of arrival of sound allows them to target prey very precisely
50
Q

mating systems

A
  • monagamy is probably the primary one
  • social monagany – pair forms and they raise a child (not necessarily genetic monagamy)
51
Q

polyandry

A

female mates with more than one male

52
Q

polyamery

A

male mates with more than one female

53
Q

when you have a socially bonded pair–»

A

extra pair relationships
- 10-40% of the babies being fed by that male are not his (depending on the species)
- males can sire more offspring
- being polyamorous increases your fitness (as a male)
—- one of the females you are mating with may be infertile

54
Q

sexy son hypothesis

A
  • argument for why females might mate with another male
  • if the tendency is for males mating w a non primary mate, then maybe her own male offspring may carry that allele and her offspring could have that trait – may have a higher probability of being promiscuous
55
Q

sex role reversal in sandpipers

A
  • female does lay egg but..
  • males build the nest, incubte the young, feeds the young
  • males are the choosier sex and they choose between the flashier sex
56
Q

colorization of feathers

A
  • plumage
  • carrotanoits
    – pigment that produces a red/orange/yellow color
  • convey a heatlh benefit
    – known to be an antioxidant
    – protects from oxibdative metabolism
    —- this does damage to the cell
    —- supress aging by supressing damage to DNA

– female prefer to mate with the brighter, darker, deeper colored male
- reflects the physiological ability of the males
- beter fittness for having capacity for antioxidants

57
Q

sounds

A
  • can be learned
  • both males and females learn them
    – but it is normally the males that produce hem
    ^^^^^ learned vocalization of songbirds
58
Q

6 species that learn their vocalizations

A

songbirds, parrots, hummingbirds, humans, whales/dolphins, bats

59
Q

origin of vocal learning in vertebrates

A

occurred independently 6 times

60
Q

song repertoire

A
  • song control regions of the brain
  • ratio of brain regions between males relative to females
61
Q

zebrafinch: song repertoire

A
  • constitue 4X the volume in males to females
62
Q

rens: song repertoire

A
  • approaches 1:1
  • why are they roughly equal in who sings
    ^^^ striking difference in male and female brain
  • these control regions get large in the spring and smaller when not in spring
    ^^^ aduly neurogenesis
63
Q

oviperous

A
  • do not think that oviparity evolved for flight
  • dates quite a ways back
  • 15 avian families that are flightless
    — bats have flight but they give live birth
64
Q

endothermic

A

may have evolved for warming of the brood

65
Q

birds display nesting behavior

A
  • can be quite variable
    – bald eagle –> enourmous structure
    – coots will float their nests on the pond/lake
    – some species use the heat of composting vegetation
    ^^^^^ embryo only develops when it reaches the proper temerature “critical developemnt point”
66
Q

avian ovary

A

there are a bunch of primordial follicules
- all different size
- offset each by a day

67
Q

relationship in latitude and clutch size

A
  • higher latitude –> higher clutch size
  • lower lattitudes are more succeptible to pathogens and microbes
    – at incubation temperatues – those microbes are killed
68
Q

photoperiodic

A
  • use seasonal changes as a timing/cure for annual events
  • they reproduce in the spring – use cues
69
Q

photoperiodic cues

A
  • photoperiody changes when you get from the equator
  • at the equator - 12 hours. daylight and 12 hours of night
  • changing light exposure per day causes release of hormones that drives reproduction
  • some of the best photoperiodic work is done by plants
  • if you keep birds on a certain photoperiod they will not develop gonats
  • long days drive them into the breeding state
70
Q

how does photoperiody work

A
  • photostimulation detectd by brain
71
Q

precocial

A
  • advanced for your age
  • can have feathers, beak, functioning eyes
72
Q

altricial

A
  • humans are like this
  • not developed
  • larger gut
73
Q

precocial – eggs

A

because they are hatching at a much more advanved stage, the egg has more yolk in it

74
Q

ultimate talk about photoperiody

A

reason we get migraptry behavior in birds
- is it because they can identify different pulls of energy

75
Q

zugunruhe

A

migratory restlessness
- ^^ never displayed in nature – only in laboratory
- when you have them in a cage at a time when it wants to migrate – it will get restless
- it hops trying to get out and migrate
- the vast location of ink blots were at certain locations
fall - southern location
spring - northern location

BIOLOGY 474 (26 decks)

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