Lesson 10 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

demands of living on land are very different than living on water

A
  • viscosity –> easier to move through air than it is to move through water
  • land organisms need a strong skeletal support system –> countering force of gravity that the water provides (water being dense)
  • bone can remodel and reshape itself t better support the aninal (water to land)
    ^^^^^ where zygapophysis come into play
    ————— pre and post
    —————- post on one vertebrae articulate with a pre
    —————- counters torsion
    —————- vertebrea vodyy supported similarly to a suspension bridge
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

other ways the body changes from water to land

A

highly differentiated atlas and axis
- atlas articulates with occuipital condyles
great differentiation with axial musculature
- role of posture support
- role of lung ventilation

  • different becasue in fish.
    ……. epaxial musculature - already differiented but remains pretty simple
    —— role in locomotion

Appendicular skeleton —- limb and limb girdles (pelvic and pectoral)
—– evolution of a more flexible neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

skeleton of a cat and african elephant

A

notion about SA to V ration
— ration decreases as size increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

allometry

A

scaling relationship between things
ex: scaled cat up in size - allometric relationshop between size of animal and parts have not changed – same proportional size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

isometric

A

evolution from a small to a large animal – many traits scale disproportionately
– as the size increases, section increases faster than the size of the animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

skeletons tend to scale with

A

positive allometry
ex: animal has gotten bigger - if nothing else changes - surface area to volume ration has gotten smaller

because of this relationship between SA to V – we need positive allometry - or else the weight of the animal couldn’t be supported

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

posture of animals change

A
  • elephants stand more upright
  • behavioral changes – they no linger leap like cats
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

axial musculature bends contralatterly

A
  • fishlike horizontal bending
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

when becomes the main support for movement instead of the bending of axial musculature

A

the limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

lots of new forms of locomotion and movement

A
  • multiple forms of bipedalism
    POINT – repeated evolution of bipedalism and quadrapedilism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

eating on land

A
  • suction doesnt really work – so now these animals have more muscles and jaws
  • evolution of tongue
  • salivary glands – only found in terrestrial
  • lubrication of food bossus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ventilation and gas exchange

A
  • breathing in air - low density, low viscosity –> tidal ventilation very feasible
  • most use tidal ventilation
  • air has a much larger oxygen concentration than water, and it reduces the volume that has to be passed throguh
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

intercostal muscles on ribs

A

ventrally and dorsally located intercostals

during inhalation
- motion bends the ribs in a specific way that changes the volume of the cavity –> allowing lung to expand
- air is drawn in by the way of suction by creating a negative pressure
- dissociates axial musculature from motion meaning that the animal can very effectively breath and run

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  • animals with the more primitive form – ventilation
A

– to some degree the axial muscles are involved in ventilaiton – when drawing air in – contracts left and right side to pull air in

  • in order to run – they cannot contract both – has to alternate contracting sizes for locomotion
    ^^^ not really any sustained locomotion – cannot breath while running
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

heart of aquatic fishes

A

isn’t that strong – does not need to combat gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

heart in terresterial

A
  • have to overcome gravity
  • needs a strong heart
  • DOUBLE CIRCUT
17
Q

loss of gills

A

—> use lungs now
- change of aortic arches

18
Q

sensory systems in air

A
  • not dense enough to stimulate a lateral line
    – lost in terresterial vertebrates
  • air does not conduct electricity –> loss of electroreceptors
  • visual and auditory systems work well
  • tetrapods get a from of eye protection
    —– eyelashes, eyelids, tears, and tearducts
19
Q

hearing on land

A
  • middle ear evolved convergently
  • each time – evolved the stapes to amplify the sound
20
Q

quatrate

A

goes to incus

21
Q

articular

A

goes to manubrium of stapes
(bones that were useful for articulation have evolved to be useful for hearing )
^^^ they form a lever to help amplift

22
Q

in the porous

A
  • has evolved fat filled cavities so that the sound can resonate and the animal can perceive the details of that sound
23
Q

change in vestibular system

A
  • more sophisticated
  • fluid filled canals near the auditory system
    —- role in posture and movement
    —– little hair cells
    —– canals are more specialized in the more derived amniote and require multiple semicurcullar canals

olfaction is quite effective
— molecules that give rise to scents travel faster in air

24
Q

Turbinates

A
  • bony scrolls of tissue
  • if you look into the nasal cavity you will see this
  • think SURFACE AREA – a lot of surgface area relative to volume
  • provides a lot of surface for the population of chemical receptors for the many scent moleculres that vertebrates can detect
  • a dog and rat are very very good at olfaciton
25
Q

different types of turbinates play differnt roles

A

nasal
- warming air
- maintaining humidity
- we usually bring in cool air and then turbinates warm the air before its brough to thelungs
- as you exchale, much of the ehat and moisture is captured in turbinates before the air leaves the body

26
Q

vomeronasal organ

A
  • pheremonnes
  • detection of pheremones
  • not thought that humans have a vomeronasal organ – but we do respond to pheremones nonetheless
  • though that pheremones emitted during menstral cycle leads to a degree of synchrony among. menstration
27
Q

HLA complex

A
  • important role of immune function
  • thought that we pick mates whose suit of HLA genes are complementary so offspring have a better chance of living
28
Q

presence of urogenital ducts

A
  • urinary bladder is new for the tetrapods
  • function is to strore urine
  • fish do not need this – they live in a giant toilet