Lesson 10

Question 1

demands of living on land are very different than living on water

Answer 1

• viscosity –> easier to move through air than it is to move through water
• land organisms need a strong skeletal support system –> countering force of gravity that the water provides (water being dense)
• bone can remodel and reshape itself t better support the aninal (water to land)
  ^^^^^ where zygapophysis come into play
  ————— pre and post
  —————- post on one vertebrae articulate with a pre
  —————- counters torsion
  —————- vertebrea vodyy supported similarly to a suspension bridge

Question 2

other ways the body changes from water to land

Answer 2

highly differentiated atlas and axis
- atlas articulates with occuipital condyles
great differentiation with axial musculature
- role of posture support
- role of lung ventilation

• different becasue in fish.
  ……. epaxial musculature - already differiented but remains pretty simple
  —— role in locomotion

Appendicular skeleton —- limb and limb girdles (pelvic and pectoral)
—– evolution of a more flexible neck

Question 3

skeleton of a cat and african elephant

Answer 3

notion about SA to V ration
— ration decreases as size increases

Question 4

allometry

Answer 4

scaling relationship between things
ex: scaled cat up in size - allometric relationshop between size of animal and parts have not changed – same proportional size

Question 5

isometric

Answer 5

evolution from a small to a large animal – many traits scale disproportionately
– as the size increases, section increases faster than the size of the animal

Question 6

skeletons tend to scale with

Answer 6

positive allometry
ex: animal has gotten bigger - if nothing else changes - surface area to volume ration has gotten smaller

because of this relationship between SA to V – we need positive allometry - or else the weight of the animal couldn’t be supported

Question 7

posture of animals change

Answer 7

• elephants stand more upright
• behavioral changes – they no linger leap like cats

Question 8

axial musculature bends contralatterly

Answer 8

• fishlike horizontal bending

Question 9

when becomes the main support for movement instead of the bending of axial musculature

Answer 9

the limbs

Question 10

lots of new forms of locomotion and movement

Answer 10

• multiple forms of bipedalism
  POINT – repeated evolution of bipedalism and quadrapedilism

Question 11

eating on land

Answer 11

• suction doesnt really work – so now these animals have more muscles and jaws
• evolution of tongue
• salivary glands – only found in terrestrial
• lubrication of food bossus

Question 12

ventilation and gas exchange

Answer 12

• breathing in air - low density, low viscosity –> tidal ventilation very feasible
• most use tidal ventilation
• air has a much larger oxygen concentration than water, and it reduces the volume that has to be passed throguh

Question 13

intercostal muscles on ribs

Answer 13

ventrally and dorsally located intercostals

during inhalation
- motion bends the ribs in a specific way that changes the volume of the cavity –> allowing lung to expand
- air is drawn in by the way of suction by creating a negative pressure
- dissociates axial musculature from motion meaning that the animal can very effectively breath and run

Question 14

• animals with the more primitive form – ventilation

Answer 14

– to some degree the axial muscles are involved in ventilaiton – when drawing air in – contracts left and right side to pull air in

• in order to run – they cannot contract both – has to alternate contracting sizes for locomotion
  ^^^ not really any sustained locomotion – cannot breath while running

Question 15

heart of aquatic fishes

Answer 15

isn’t that strong – does not need to combat gravity

Question 16

heart in terresterial

Answer 16

• have to overcome gravity
• needs a strong heart
• DOUBLE CIRCUT

Question 17

loss of gills

Answer 17

—> use lungs now
- change of aortic arches

Question 18

sensory systems in air

Answer 18

• not dense enough to stimulate a lateral line
  – lost in terresterial vertebrates
• air does not conduct electricity –> loss of electroreceptors
• visual and auditory systems work well
• tetrapods get a from of eye protection
  —– eyelashes, eyelids, tears, and tearducts

Question 19

hearing on land

Answer 19

• middle ear evolved convergently
• each time – evolved the stapes to amplify the sound

Question 20

quatrate

Answer 20

goes to incus

Question 21

articular

Answer 21

goes to manubrium of stapes
(bones that were useful for articulation have evolved to be useful for hearing )
^^^ they form a lever to help amplift

Question 22

in the porous

Answer 22

• has evolved fat filled cavities so that the sound can resonate and the animal can perceive the details of that sound

Question 23

change in vestibular system

Answer 23

• more sophisticated
• fluid filled canals near the auditory system
  —- role in posture and movement
  —– little hair cells
  —– canals are more specialized in the more derived amniote and require multiple semicurcullar canals

olfaction is quite effective
— molecules that give rise to scents travel faster in air

Question 24

Turbinates

Answer 24

• bony scrolls of tissue
• if you look into the nasal cavity you will see this
• think SURFACE AREA – a lot of surgface area relative to volume
• provides a lot of surface for the population of chemical receptors for the many scent moleculres that vertebrates can detect
• a dog and rat are very very good at olfaciton

Question 25

different types of turbinates play differnt roles

Answer 25

nasal
- warming air
- maintaining humidity
- we usually bring in cool air and then turbinates warm the air before its brough to thelungs
- as you exchale, much of the ehat and moisture is captured in turbinates before the air leaves the body

Question 26

vomeronasal organ

Answer 26

• pheremonnes
• detection of pheremones
• not thought that humans have a vomeronasal organ – but we do respond to pheremones nonetheless
• though that pheremones emitted during menstral cycle leads to a degree of synchrony among. menstration

Question 27

HLA complex

Answer 27

• important role of immune function
• thought that we pick mates whose suit of HLA genes are complementary so offspring have a better chance of living

Question 28

presence of urogenital ducts

Answer 28

• urinary bladder is new for the tetrapods
• function is to strore urine
• fish do not need this – they live in a giant toilet