Lesson 21-23 Flashcards
internal female genitalia
- ovaries
- uterine tubes
- uterus
- vagina
external female genitalia
- clitoris
- labia minora
- labia majora
- associated subcutaneous glands
- erectile tissue
the external female genitalia occupy the ____
perineum
primary female sex organ
ovaries
ovaries
- female gonads that produce egg cells and sex hormones
- almond-shaped and nestled in the posterior pelvic cavity
what are the two parts of the ovaries
- outer cortex
- inner medulla
cortex of the ovaries
where germ cells develop
medulla of the ovaries
occupied by major arteries and veins
each egg develops in its own ____
fluid filled follicle
ovulation
bursting of the follicle and releasing of the egg
uterine tubes
- oviducts, fallopian tubes
- canals about 10 cm long leading from ovary to uterus
what are the three regions of the fallopian tube
- infundibulum
- ampulla
- isthmus
infundibulum of the fallopian tube
flared distal end with feathery fimbrae
ampulla of the fallopian tube
middle and longest part
isthmus of the fallopian tube
narrowed portion near uterus
describe the walls of the fallopian tubes
muscular lined with ciliated cells and secretory cells
what if the purpose of the cilia in the fallopian tube
they beat towards the uterus to help move the egg in that direction
uterus
- thick muscular chamber that opens into roof of vagina
- usually tilts forward over urinary bladder
- pear shaped
what is the function of the uterus
- harbors fetus
- provides a source of nutrition
- expels the fetus at the end of its development
what are the three regions of the uterus
- fundus
- body
- cervix
fundus of the uterus
broad superior curvature
body of the uterus
middle portion
cervix of the uterus
cylindrical inferior end
cervical canal
passage that connects lumen of uterus to vagina
superior opening of cervical canal into the body of the uterus
internal os
external os
inferior opening of cervical canal into the vagina
cervical glands
secrete mucus that prevents spread of microorganisms from vagina to uterus
what happens to the mucus of the cervical glands during ovulation
becomes thinner to allow easier passage of sperm
what is the most common cause of cervical cancer
HPV
pap smear
- test for early detection
- loose cells from cervix and vagina are removed and microscopically examined
how is HPV transmitted
sexual intercourse
what are the three grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
Classes 1, 2, and 3
class 1 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
- mild dysplasia
- usually associated with HPV
class 2 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
- dysplasia with precancerous lesions
- calls for biopsy
class 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
- severe dysplasia carcinoma present
- results may call for radiation therapy or hysterectomy
what are the three walls of the uterus
- perimetrium
- myometrium
- endometrium
perimetrium of the uterus
- outermost layer
- thin serosa of simple squamous epithelium and loose connective tissue
myometrium (4)
- middle muscular layer
- constitutes most of uterine wall
- composed of mainly of smooth muscle that sweeps downward from fundus
- less muscular and more fibrous near cervix
what is the function of the myometrium
produces labor contractions and expels fetus
endometrium
- inner mucosa
- simple columnar epithelium
- compound tubular glands
- stroma populated with leukocytes, macrophages and other cells
what are the two layers of the endometrium
- functional layer
- basal layer
functional layer of the endometrium
- stratum functionalis
- superficial half to two-thirds
- shed in each mentrual period
basal layer of the endometrium
- stratum basalis
- deep layer
- stays behind and degenerates a new functional layer with each menstrual cycle
during pregnancy what is the function of the endometrium?
the site of attachment of the embryo and forms the eternal part of the placenta from which the fetus is nourished
uterine artery
gives off several branches that penetrate myometrium and lead to arcuate arteries
arcuate arteries in the uterine blood supply give rise to ____
spiral arteries
spiral arteries of uterine blood supply
- penetrate through the myometrium into the endometrium
- wind between endometrial glands towards surface of mucosa
what do spiral arteries do to the endometrium
rhymically constrict an ddilate making the mucosa alternately blanch and flush with blood
vagina
- distensible muscular tube 8-10 cm in length
- tilter posteriorly between rectum and urethra
- extends slightly beyond cervix as fornix
what is the function of the vagina
- allows for discharge of menstrual fluid
- receipt of penis and semen
- birth of baby
wall of vagina contains
- outer adventitia
- middle muscularis
- inner mucosa
fornix
blind pouch of vagina that extends lightly beyond the cervix
vaginal rugae
transverse friction ridges at lower end
hymen
mucosal folds across vaginal opening
during childhood the vaginal epithelium is ____ (tissue type) then changes to ____ (tissue type) at puberty
- simple cuboidal
- stratified squamous
what causes the low pH that occurs in the vagina
bacteria fermenting glycogen to lactic acid
what is the function of the low pH in the vagina
inhibits growth of pathogens
mucosa of the vagina has abundant antigen-presenting _____
dendritic cells
what happens in women in sexual HIV transmission?
HIV from infected semen invades the dendritic cells in the vagina mucosa
how is the vagina lubricated
the seepage of serous fluid through the walls of vagina and mucus from cervical glands above it
the external genitalia is collectively called what in women?
- vulva
- pudendum
mons pubis
mound of fat over pubic symphysis bearing most of the pubic hair
labia majora
pair of thick folds of skin and adipose tissue inferior to mons
labia minora
- thin, hairless folds medial to labia major
- space between forms vestibule
- anterior margins join to form hood like prepuce over clitoris
vestibule of external female genitalia
- space between labia minora
- contains urethral and vaginal openings
clitoris
- erectile sensory organ
- primary center for sexual stim
- causes changes in vaginal blood flow that promotes fertilization
what are the three sections of the clitoris
- glans
- body
- crura (internal)
vestibular bulbs
erectile tissue deep to labia majora
greater vestibular glands
- open into vestibule
- keep vulva moist and provide lubrication
lesser vestibular glands
provide lubrication
paraurethral glands
- female prostate
- open into vestibule near the external urethral orifice
_____ is the world’s leading and most deadly cancer in women
breast cancer
describe tumors of breast cancer
tumors begin with cells from mammary ducts and may metastasize by mammary and axillary lymphatics
signs of breast cancer
- lump
- skin puckering
- changes in skin texture
- drainage from nipple
contributing causes of breast cancer
- BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes
- some tumors stimmed by estrogen
BRCA1 and BRCA2
two breast cancer genes
most breast cancer is (hereditary/non-hereditary)
non-hereditary
risk factors for breast cancer
- aging
- exposure to ionizing radiation
- carcinogenic chemicals
- excessive alcohol and fat intake
- smoking
over ___ of cases of breast cancer lack identifiable risk factors
70%
detection of breast cancer
- tumor discovery usually during breast self-examination
- mammogram
mammogram
breast x ray that can detect tumors too small to be noticed by self exam
treatments of breast cancer
- lumpectomy
- simple mastectomy
- radical mastectomy
- surgery followed by radiation or chemo
lumpectomy
removal of tumor only in breast cancer
simple mastectomy
removal of breast tissue only or breast tissue and some axillary lymph nodes
radical mastectomy
- removal of breast, underlying muscle, fascia, and lymph nodes
- rarely done as it generally does not improve outcome
breast reconstruction after mastectomy or lumpectomy is done with
skin , fat, and muscle from other parts of the body
what time does puberty begin for females
8-10 for most well-nourished girls in affluent countries
puberty in women is triggered by
rising levels of GnHR which stims anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH
FSH stimulates what to happen to women during puberty
stims ovarian follicle and they begin to secrete estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, and as small amount of androgen
estrogens
feminizing hormones with widespread effects on the body
what are the three estrogens
- estradiol
- estriol
- estrone
which of the estrogens is most abundant
estradiol
