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A&P 2 > Lesson 11 > Flashcards

Lesson 11 Flashcards

1
Q

immune system is not an organ system but

A

a cell population that inhabits all organs

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2
Q

what is the function of the immune system

A

defends the body from agents of disease

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3
Q

the lymphoid system

A

immune cells concentrated in true organs system

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4
Q

what is the lymphoid system

A

network of organs and vein-like vessels that recover fluid

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5
Q

what are the functions of the lymphoid system? (3)

A
  • inspect it for disease agents
  • activate immune responses
  • return fluid to the bloodstream
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6
Q

lymphatic system

A

lymphatic vessels that penetrate nearly every tissue and a collection of lymphoid tissues and organs that produce immune cells

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7
Q

fluid recovery in the lymphatic system

A

fluid continually filters from the blood capillaries into the tissue spaces

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8
Q

blood capillaries reabsorb ____ of fluid

A

85%

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9
Q

where does the rest of the fluid recovered go? how much is it?

A
  • lymphatic vessels
  • 15%
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10
Q

lymphedema

A

swelling due to interference in lymphatic drainage

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11
Q

immune surveillance in the lymphatic system

A

excess filtered fluid picks up foreign cells and chemical from the tissues pass through lymph nodes

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12
Q

what happens in the lymph nodes

A

immune cells stand guard against foreign matter

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13
Q

what happens when foreign materials pass through lymph nodes?

A

activates a protective immune response

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14
Q

lipid absorption in the lymphatic system

A

lacteals in small intestine absorb dietary lipids that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries

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15
Q

components of the lymphoid system?

A
  • lymph
  • lymphatic vessels
  • lymphoid tissue
  • lymphoid organs
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16
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

transport lymph

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17
Q

lymphoid tissues

A

aggregates of lymphocytes and macrophages that populate many organs of the body

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18
Q

lymphoid organs

A
  • organs where lymphoid cells are concentrated
  • surrounded by connective tissue capsules
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19
Q

lymph

A
  • clear colorless fluid similar to plasma but low in protein
  • recovered fluid
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20
Q

lymph originates as ___ and is then taken up by lymphatic vessels

A

tissue fluid

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21
Q

does chemical composition vary in different places in the body?

A

yes

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22
Q

lymph collected from the intestine

A

look milky

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23
Q

why does intestinal lymph look milky

A

high lipid content

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24
Q

when is lymph collected

A

after lymph nodes have high amounts of lymphocytes

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25
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A

microscopic vessels that penetrate nearly every tissue of the body

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26
Q

lymphatic vessels are absent in

A

cartilage, cornea, bone, and bone marrow

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27
Q

lymphatic capillary wall

A

endothelial cells overlapping each other like roof shingles

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28
Q

lymphatic capillaries are ___ at one end

A

closed

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29
Q

anchoring filaments

A

anchor the cells of lymphatic vessels to surrounding tissue

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30
Q

intercellular clefts

A

gaps between cells that are large enough to allow bacteria and cells to enter lymphatic capillary

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31
Q

endothelial cells in lymphatic capillaries create what?

A

valve-like flaps that open and close with interstitial fluid pressure

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32
Q

when are the flaps in lymphatic capillaries open?

A

when interstitial fluid pressure is high

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33
Q

when are flaps in lymphatic capillaries closed?

A

when interstitial fluid pressure is low

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34
Q

as tissues swell with fluid it causes what to occur?

A

the overlapping edges of the endothelial cells to pry apart and drain the fluid into the lymphatic capillary

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35
Q

what are the three layers of larger lymphatic vessels?

A
  • tunica interna
  • tunica media
  • tunica externa
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36
Q

lymphatic capillaries merge to form

A

collecting vessels

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37
Q

collecting vessels converge to form

A

lymphatic trunks

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38
Q

lymphatic trunks do what?

A

drain a major portion of the body of lymph

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39
Q

what are the two collecting ducts

A
  • right lymphatic duct
  • thoracic duct
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40
Q

right lymphatic duct receives lymph from

A
  • right arm
  • right side of head and thorax
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41
Q

where does the right thoracic duct empty into

A

right subclavian vein

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42
Q

thoracic duct receives lymph from

A
  • below diaphragm
  • left arm
  • left side of head, neck, and thorax
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43
Q

which lymphatic duct is longer and larger?

A

thoracic duct

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44
Q

thoracic duct begins as

A

sac in abdomen

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45
Q

what is the sac that starts the thoracic duct called?

A

cisterna chyli

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46
Q

where does the thoracic duct empty

A

left subclavian vein

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47
Q

path from the tissue fluid back to bloodstream (8)

A
  • lymphatic capillaries
  • collecting vessels
  • 11 lymphatic trunks
  • two collecting ducts
  • subclavian veins
  • brachiocephalic veins
  • superior vena cava
  • right atrium
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48
Q

characteristics of lymph flow compared to venous return

A
  • forces similar to venous return but no pump
  • flows at low pressure and slower speed than venous blood
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49
Q

what stims the contraction of lymph vessels

A

stretching of vessels

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50
Q

what moves lymph along in lymph vessels (5)

A
  • rhythmic contractions of lymph vessels
  • squeezing of skeletal muscles
  • rhythmic pulsations of nearby arteries
  • thoracic pump
  • rapidly flowing blood in subclavian vein drawing lymph to it
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51
Q

cells associated with the lymphoid system

A
  • neutrophils
  • natural killer cells
  • T cells
  • B cells
  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
52
Q

neutrophils

A

antibacterial

53
Q

natural killer cells

A
  • NK
  • lymphocytes that attack and destroy infected host cells and cancerous cells
54
Q

T cells

A
  • T lymphocytes
  • mature in thymus
55
Q

B cells

A
  • B lymphocytes
  • activation causes proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells and produce antibodies
56
Q

macrophages aka

A

antigen-presenting cells

57
Q

macrophages

A
  • large phagocytic cells
  • display antigens on surface to alert other immune cells
58
Q

dendritic cells

A

antigen-presenting cells found in skin, mucous membranes, and lymphoid organs

59
Q

lymphoid tissue

A

aggregations of lymphocytes in the connective tissues of mucous membranes and various organs

60
Q

diffuse lymphoid tissue

A
  • lymphocytes are scattered
  • not densely clustered
61
Q

where is diffuse lymphoid tissue most prevalent

A

body passages open to the exterior (respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive)

62
Q

when in mucous membranes diffuse lymphoid tissues are called

A

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

63
Q

lymphoid nodules (follicles)

A
  • lymphocytes and macrophages gather in dense masses
  • may be temporary or permanent
64
Q

aggregated lymphoid nodules

A
  • Peyer patches
  • large clusters of nodules in small intestine
65
Q

lymphatic organs have connective tissue capsule that does what?

A

separates lymphatic tissue from neighboring tissues

66
Q

primary lymphoid organs include

A

red bone marrow and thymus

67
Q

why are red bone marrow and thymus primary lymphoid organs

A

sits where T and B cells are immunocompetent

68
Q

immunocompetent

A

able to recognize and respond to antigens

69
Q

secondary lymphoid organs include

A

tonsils, lymph nodes, and spleen

70
Q

why are lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils secondary lymphoid organs

A

locations where immunocompetent cells migrate and populate

71
Q

red bone marrow

A

soft, loosely organized, highly vascular material separated from osseous tissue by endosteum of bone

72
Q

red bone marrow involved in

A

hematopoiesis and immunity

73
Q

what happens in blood-forming cells

A

secrete colony stim factors that stim stem cells to produce the formed elements

74
Q

blood forming cells attached to ____ and _____

A
  • reticular cells
  • other elements of marrow stroma
75
Q

as blood cells mature what do they do?

A

push their way through the reticular and endothelial cells to enter sinus and flow away in bloodstream

76
Q

thymus

A

bilobed organ located in the superior mediastinum between sternum and aortic arch

77
Q

thymus is apart of which organ systems?

A
  • endocrine
  • lymphoid
  • immune
78
Q

the thymus houses ____ and secretes ____

A
  • developing T cells
  • hormones regulating the activity of T cells
79
Q

with age the thymus exhibits large degree of

A

involution

80
Q

involution

A

degeneration or shrinkage

81
Q

by age 65 what happens to the thymus

A

unable to make new T cells

82
Q

what is it called when thymus can’t make T cells anymore

A

immunosenescence

83
Q

immunosenescence does what to older people

A

leaves older people vulnerable to infections and cancer

84
Q

fibrous capsule gives off ___ that divides gland into nodes

A

trabeculae

85
Q

lobes of the thymus have ___ and ___ populated by T cells

A

cortex and medulla

86
Q

thymic epithelial cells are involved in

A

T cell development

87
Q

what do thymic epithelial cells secrete? (5)

A

signaling molecules thymosin, thymopoietin, thymulin, interleukins, and interferons

88
Q

cortical epithelial cells

A

along with pericytes surround capillaries to form blood thymus barrier

89
Q

lymph nodes

A

bean-shaped structures that cleanse lymph and are sites of lymphocyte activation

90
Q

what is the most numerous lymph organ?

A

lymph nodes

91
Q

how many lymph nodes are in a typical young adult?

A

450

92
Q

lymph nodes are enclosed with

A

fibrous capsule with trabeculae that divide interior into compartments

93
Q

parenchyma of lymph node divided into ___ and ___

A

cortex and medulla

94
Q

germinal centers in cortex

A

where B cells multiply and differentiate into plasma cells

95
Q

several afferent vessels lead into node along

A

convex surface

96
Q

lymph leaves node though ___

A

efferent lymphatic vessels

97
Q

how many efferent lymph vessels are there usually

A

1-3

98
Q

where do efferent lymph vessels leave from

A

hilum

99
Q

what are all locations where lymph nodes are concentrated? (7)

A
  • cervical
  • axillary
  • thoracic
  • abdominal
  • intestinal and mesenteric
  • inguinal
  • popliteal
100
Q

where are the thoracic lymph nodes mostly located in the thoracic cavity?

A

mediastinum

101
Q

where are abdominal lymph nodes located?

A

posterior abdominopelvic wall

102
Q

where are intestinal and mesenteric lymph nodes located

A

mesenteries and near appendix and intestines

103
Q

lymphadenitis

A

swollen, painful lymph node responding to foreign antigen

104
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

collective term for all lymph node diseases

105
Q

metastasis

A

cancerous cells break free from original primary tumor travel to other sites in the body and establish new tumors

106
Q

metastasizing cells ____ enter lymphatic cells

A

easily

107
Q

what tends to happen when cancer metastisizes in lymph node?

A

lodge in the first one they encounter, multiply there, and eventually destroy node

108
Q

cancerous nodes are

A

swollen, firm, and painless

109
Q

treatments of breast cancer

A

lumpectomy, mastectomy, removal of nearby axillary nodes

110
Q

tonsils

A

patches of lymphoid tissue located at entrance to the pharynx

111
Q

what do tonsils do?

A

guard against ingested or inhaled pathogens

112
Q

tonsils are covered with ___ and have ____

A
  • epithelium
  • deep pits
113
Q

tonsillar crypts

A

deep pits in tonsils covered by lymphoid nodules

114
Q

tonsils have ___ fibrous capsule

A

incomplete

115
Q

tonsilitis

A

acute inflammation of palatine tonsils

116
Q

what is the largest lymph organ

A

spleen

117
Q

location of the spleen

A

inferior to diaphragm and posterolateral to stomach

118
Q

what two tissue types does parenchyma of liver exhibit

A
  • red pulp
  • white pulp
119
Q

red pulp

A

sinuses filled with erythrocytes

120
Q

white pulp

A

lymphocytes, macrophages surrounding small branches of splenic artery

121
Q

what is the function of the spleen?

A
  • erythrocyte graveyard
  • blood cell production in fetus
  • maintains army of monocytes for release when needed
  • stabilize blood volume through plasma transfer to lymph system
122
Q

spleen is

A

highly vascular and vulnerable to trauma and infection

123
Q

w rupture spleen requires a

A

splenectomy

124
Q

what happens when someone gets a splenectomy

A

leaves person susceptible to future infections and premature death

125
Q

what maintains army of monocytes for release when needed

A

lymphocytes, macrophages of white pulp monitoring blood for foreign antigens

126
Q
A

A&P 2 (9 decks)

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