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Lesson 20 Flashcards

1
Q

male reproductive system serves to do what?

A

produce sperm and introduce them into the female body

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2
Q

what is the copulatory organ of males? what is its function?

A
  • penis
  • introducing their gametes into female repro tract
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3
Q

female repro system functions to do what?

A

produce eggs, receive sperm, provide for gametes’ union, harbors fetus, and nourishes offspring

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4
Q

what is the copulatory organ of females and what is its function?

A
  • vagina
  • receiving the sperm
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5
Q

what are the primary sex organs? what do they do?

A
  • produce gametes
  • testes in males and ovaries in females
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6
Q

secondary sex organs

A

organs other than gonads that are necessary for repro

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7
Q

what are the male secondary sex organs

A
  • system of ducts
  • glands
  • penis
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8
Q

what are the female secondary sex organs?

A
  • uterine tubes
  • uterus
  • vagins
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9
Q

external genitalia

A
  • located in the perineum
  • most are externally visible except accessory glands of female perineum which are subcutaneous
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10
Q

internal genitalia

A

located in the pelvic cavity

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11
Q

what are the exceptions to the internal genitalia

A

testes and some associated ducts in the scrotum

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12
Q

male and female organs that develop from the same embryonic structures are _____

A

homologous

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13
Q

what are the homologous structures of the external genitalia between males and females?

A
  • penis is homologous to clitoris
  • scrotum is homologous to labia majora
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14
Q

what are the male external genitalia?

A

scrotum and penis

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15
Q

perineum

A
  • a diamond-shaped area between thighs
  • bordered by the pubic symphysis, ischial tuberosities, and coccyx
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16
Q

scrotum

A

pouch of skin, muscle, and fibrous connective tissue containing the testes

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17
Q

describe the skin of the scrotum

A

has sebaceous glands, sparse hair, rich sensory innervation, and dark pigmentation

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18
Q

deep to skin in the scrotum is the ____

A

dartos fascia

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19
Q

dartos fascia

A

layer of smooth muscle and connective tissue

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20
Q

internal median septum

A

divides scrotum into right and left compartments

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21
Q

perineal raphe

A
  • medial seam on scrotum surface that marks location of median septum
  • extends anteriorly along ventral side of penis and posteriorly to anus
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22
Q

posteriorly the scrotum contains the ____

A

spermatic cord

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23
Q

spermatic cord

A

bundle of fibrous connective tissue containing the vas deferns, blood and lymphatic vessels, and testicular nerve

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24
Q

cremaster

A
  • spermatic cord enmeshed in strips of internal oblique muscle
  • within scrotum
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25
Q

the spermatic cord continues through the ____ canal and into the pelvic cavity

A

inguinal

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26
Q

where are the testes?

A

within the scrotum

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27
Q

what temp does the scrotum hold the testes? why?

A

35°C because the normal body temp is too warm for sperm production

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28
Q

what does the cremaster muscle do in relation to the environmental temp?

A
  • when cold it contracts to hold tested closer to the body
  • wen warm relaxes the test to move them further away form the body
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29
Q

dartos fascia

A

smooth muscle contracts when cold wrinkling the scrotum and holding the testes against the warm body

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30
Q

what is the purpose of wrinkling the scrotum when it’s cold outside?

A

reduces the surface area and heat loss

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31
Q

are the testes exocrine or endocrine glands?

A

both because they produce both sperm and sex hormones

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32
Q

the septa form the capsule divides testis into ___ lobules each with 2-3 ____

A
  • 250-300
  • seminiferous tubules
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33
Q

where are sperm produced?

A

seminiferous tubules

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34
Q

where is testosterone produced?

A

interstitial endocrine cells between seminiferous tubules

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35
Q

each seminiferous tubule is lined with what?

A

thick germinal epithelium

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36
Q

composition of the germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules

A
  • several layers of germ cells
  • tall nurse cells
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37
Q

nurse cells

A
  • supporting cells, sustentacular
  • protect germ cells and promote their development
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38
Q

what do germ cells do?

A

develop sperm

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39
Q

nurse cells secrete what two proteins?

A
  • androgen-binding protein
  • inhibin
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40
Q

what do the two proteins produced by nurse cells do?

A

regulate sperm production

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41
Q

blood-testis barrier

A
  • formed by tight junctions between nurse cells
  • prevents antibodies an immune cells from attacking germ cells
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42
Q

the seminiferous tubules lead to a network called _____

A

rete testis

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43
Q

rete testis function

A

collects sperm from the tubule

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44
Q

sperm flow with what?

A

fluid secreted by nurse cells

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45
Q

do sperm swim within the male repro system?

A

no

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46
Q

where do sperm go after leaving the testis?

A

travel through spermatic ducts to reach urethra

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47
Q

what are the spermatic ducts?

A
  • efferent ductules
  • duct of the epididymis
  • vas deferens
  • ejaculatory duct
48
Q

efferent ductules

A

about 12 small ciliated ducts collecting sperm from rete tests and transporting it to the epididymis

49
Q

duct of the epididymis includes

A

body, tail, and head

50
Q

epididymis

A
  • site of sperm maturation and storage
  • contains a single coiled duct, 6m long, adhering to posterior of testes
51
Q

what happens to sperm if not ejaculated?

A

they disintegrate and epididymis reabsorbs them

52
Q

vas deferens

A
  • tube between epididymis and seminal vesicles
53
Q

what is the path of the vas deferens?

A

ascends spermatic cord, enters pelvic cavity, travels to urinary bladder, and enlarges to a terminal ampulla

54
Q

when does the vas deferens end?

A

when it unites with duct of seminal vesicles

55
Q

ejaculatory duct

A
  • 2cm duct formed where vas deferens and duct of seminal vesicle merge
  • passes through prostate and empties into urethra
56
Q

what are the three regions of the male urethra?

A
  • prostatic
  • membranous
  • spongy (penile)
57
Q

what are the three sets of accessory glands in the male respro system?

A
  • seminal vesicles
  • prostate
  • bulbourethral glands
58
Q

seminal vesicles

A
  • pair of glands to bladder
  • empty into ejaculatory duct
  • forms 60% of semen
59
Q

prostate

A
  • surrounds urethra and ejaculatory duct just inferior to the bladder
  • 30-50 compound tubuloacinar glands and empty through about 20 pores in the prostatic urethra
  • thin milky secretion forms 30% of semen
60
Q

bulbourethral glands

A
  • near bulb of penis
  • produce a clear slippery fluid that lubricates the head of the penis in prep for coitus
  • protects sperm by neutralizing acidity of residual urine in urethra
61
Q

benign prostatic hyperplasia

A
  • noncancerous enlargement of the prostate
  • compresses urethra and obstructs flow of urine making it harder to completely empty the bladder
62
Q

benign prostatic hyperplasia may promote

A

bladder and kidney infections

63
Q

____ typically goes unnoticed until painful

A

prostatic cancer

64
Q

how is prostatic cancer diagnosed

A
  • digital rectal exam
  • elevated levels of serine protease and acid phosphatase in the blood
65
Q

digital rectal exam

A

palpate through rectal wall

66
Q

what is the function of the penis

A

to deposit semen in the vagina

67
Q

half the penis is the internal ____ and the other half is externally visible ____ and ____

A
  • root
  • shaft
  • glans
68
Q

prepuce

A
  • foreskin
  • skin over shaft that loosely attaches to allow for expansion
69
Q

the adult prepuce remains anchored to glans by ____

70
Q

what causes the penis to become erect?

A

three cylindrical bulbs of erectile tissue

71
Q

how does erectile tissue work?

A

fill with blood during sexual arousal to cause erection

72
Q

what are the three erectile tissues found in the penis

A
  • single corpus spongiosum
  • two corpora cavernosa
73
Q

corpus spongiosum

A
  • encloses spongy urethra
  • distal end enlarges and forms the glans penis
  • proximal end is a dilated bulb ensheathed by bulbospongiosus muscle
74
Q

corpora cavernosa

A
  • attaches to pubic arch
  • located on the dorsal aspect of the penis
75
Q

lacunae

A

blood sinuses in the the three cylindrical erectile tissues of the penis

76
Q

trabeculae

A

partitions between the cavernous spaces

77
Q

reproduction function is regulated by what?

A

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

78
Q

as hypothalamus matures it produces ____

A

GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)

79
Q

what does GnRH do?

A

stims the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH

80
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone in male repro

A

stims nurse cells to secrete androgen-binding protein that binds testosterone and stims spermatogenesis

81
Q

inhibin

A

selective suppression of FSH secretion

82
Q

luteinizing hormone

A
  • aka interstitial cell-stimming hormone
  • stims interstitial endocrine cells to produce androgens primarily testosterone
83
Q

why does testosterone secretion decline with age?

A

due to decline in number and activity of interstitial endocrine cells

84
Q

what are the effects of testosterone reduction? (7)

A
  • reduced libido and ease of arousal
  • loss of muscle mass and bone density
  • slower beard growth
  • shrinkage of external genitalia and seminal vesicles
  • decline of semen volume, sperm count and sperm motility
  • elevation of FSH and LH
  • ED
85
Q

why is there an increase of FSH and LH in the male body as the person ages?

A

lack of negative feedback inhibition

86
Q

what does an increase of FSH and LH with age cause in men?

A
  • mood and personality changes
  • depression
  • fatigue
87
Q

erectile dysfunction

A

inability to produce or sustain an erection for intercourse

88
Q

andropause

A
  • male climacteric
  • male menopause
89
Q

spermatogenesis

A

process fo sperm production in seminiferous tubules

90
Q

what are the three principal events of spermatogenesis

A
  • division and remodeling of large germ cells into small mobile sperm cells with flagella
  • reduction of chromosome number by one half
  • shuffling of genes
91
Q

why are genes shuffled during spermatogenesis?

A

so chromosome contains new gene combinations that did not exist in parent ensuring genetic variation in the offspring

92
Q

meiosis

A

recombines genes and reduces chromosome number while producing four daughter cells that will become sperm

93
Q

mitosis is the basis for what in development? (4)

A
  • division of single-cell fertilized egg
  • growth of an embryo
  • all postnatal growth
  • tissue repair
94
Q

four stages of mitosis

A
  • prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
95
Q

meiosis is sometimes called

A

reduction division

96
Q

how many cell divisions does meiosis have?

97
Q

prophase one

A
  • pairs of homologous chromosomes line up to form tetrads
  • crossing over creates new combos of genes
98
Q

metaphase one

A

homologous pairs align with equatorial plane

99
Q

anaphase one

A

homologous chromosomes separated and pulled to poles

100
Q

telophase one

A
  • nucleus forms
  • cytokinesis splits the cytoplasm to yield two daughter cells
101
Q

describe the daughter cells of meiosis 1

A

haploid with 23 chromosomes each being double stranded

102
Q

which is more closely related to mitosis: meiosis 1 or 2

103
Q

what happens in meiosis 2

A

each of double-stranded chromosomes divides into chromatids and these separate

104
Q

describe the daughter cells of meiosis 2

A

haploid each with 23 single-stranded chromosomes

105
Q

when does spermatogenesis begin

106
Q

spermatogonia divide by ____

107
Q

spermatogonia

A
  • one daughter cell of each division remain in tubule wall as stem cell
  • other daughter migrates away from wall and is on its way to producing sperm
108
Q

type A spermatogonium

A

remains in tubule wall as stem cell

109
Q

type B spermatogonium

A

migrates away from wall and produces sperm

110
Q

the type B spematogonium enlarges after leaving wall to form what

A

primary spermatocyte

111
Q

how does the primary spermatocyte form

A
  • passes through tight junctions of blood testis barrier
  • protected from immune system as it undergoes meiosis and becomes genetically different
112
Q

primary spermatocyte undergoes ____ producing two haploid ____

A
  • meiosis 1
  • secondary spermatocytes
113
Q

each secondary spermatocyte undergoes ___ dividing into two haploid ____

A
  • meiosis 2
  • spermatids
114
Q

total of ___ spermatids produced from each spermatogonium

115
Q

each spermatid undergoes ____ to become a

A
  • spermatogenesis
  • spermatozoan
116
Q

what does spermatogenesis entail for each spermatid

A

forms flagellum and discards most cytoplasm

A&P 2 (9 decks)

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