Lesson 20 Flashcards
1
Q
male reproductive system serves to do what?
A
produce sperm and introduce them into the female body
2
Q
what is the copulatory organ of males? what is its function?
A
- penis
- introducing their gametes into female repro tract
3
Q
female repro system functions to do what?
A
produce eggs, receive sperm, provide for gametes’ union, harbors fetus, and nourishes offspring
4
Q
what is the copulatory organ of females and what is its function?
A
- vagina
- receiving the sperm
5
Q
what are the primary sex organs? what do they do?
A
- produce gametes
- testes in males and ovaries in females
6
Q
secondary sex organs
A
organs other than gonads that are necessary for repro
7
Q
what are the male secondary sex organs
A
- system of ducts
- glands
- penis
8
Q
what are the female secondary sex organs?
A
- uterine tubes
- uterus
- vagins
9
Q
external genitalia
A
- located in the perineum
- most are externally visible except accessory glands of female perineum which are subcutaneous
10
Q
internal genitalia
A
located in the pelvic cavity
11
Q
what are the exceptions to the internal genitalia
A
testes and some associated ducts in the scrotum
12
Q
male and female organs that develop from the same embryonic structures are _____
A
homologous
13
Q
what are the homologous structures of the external genitalia between males and females?
A
- penis is homologous to clitoris
- scrotum is homologous to labia majora
14
Q
what are the male external genitalia?
A
scrotum and penis
15
Q
perineum
A
- a diamond-shaped area between thighs
- bordered by the pubic symphysis, ischial tuberosities, and coccyx
16
Q
scrotum
A
pouch of skin, muscle, and fibrous connective tissue containing the testes
17
Q
describe the skin of the scrotum
A
has sebaceous glands, sparse hair, rich sensory innervation, and dark pigmentation
18
Q
deep to skin in the scrotum is the ____
A
dartos fascia
19
Q
dartos fascia
A
layer of smooth muscle and connective tissue
20
Q
internal median septum
A
divides scrotum into right and left compartments
21
Q
perineal raphe
A
- medial seam on scrotum surface that marks location of median septum
- extends anteriorly along ventral side of penis and posteriorly to anus
22
Q
posteriorly the scrotum contains the ____
A
spermatic cord
23
Q
spermatic cord
A
bundle of fibrous connective tissue containing the vas deferns, blood and lymphatic vessels, and testicular nerve
24
Q
cremaster
A
- spermatic cord enmeshed in strips of internal oblique muscle
- within scrotum
25
the spermatic cord continues through the ____ canal and into the pelvic cavity
inguinal
26
where are the testes?
within the scrotum
27
what temp does the scrotum hold the testes? why?
35°C because the normal body temp is too warm for sperm production
28
what does the cremaster muscle do in relation to the environmental temp?
- when cold it contracts to hold tested closer to the body
- wen warm relaxes the test to move them further away form the body
29
dartos fascia
smooth muscle contracts when cold wrinkling the scrotum and holding the testes against the warm body
30
what is the purpose of wrinkling the scrotum when it's cold outside?
reduces the surface area and heat loss
31
are the testes exocrine or endocrine glands?
both because they produce both sperm and sex hormones
32
the septa form the capsule divides testis into ___ lobules each with 2-3 ____
- 250-300
- seminiferous tubules
33
where are sperm produced?
seminiferous tubules
34
where is testosterone produced?
interstitial endocrine cells between seminiferous tubules
35
each seminiferous tubule is lined with what?
thick germinal epithelium
36
composition of the germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules
- several layers of germ cells
- tall nurse cells
37
nurse cells
- supporting cells, sustentacular
- protect germ cells and promote their development
38
what do germ cells do?
develop sperm
39
nurse cells secrete what two proteins?
- androgen-binding protein
- inhibin
40
what do the two proteins produced by nurse cells do?
regulate sperm production
41
blood-testis barrier
- formed by tight junctions between nurse cells
- prevents antibodies an immune cells from attacking germ cells
42
the seminiferous tubules lead to a network called _____
rete testis
43
rete testis function
collects sperm from the tubule
44
sperm flow with what?
fluid secreted by nurse cells
45
do sperm swim within the male repro system?
no
46
where do sperm go after leaving the testis?
travel through spermatic ducts to reach urethra
47
what are the spermatic ducts?
- efferent ductules
- duct of the epididymis
- vas deferens
- ejaculatory duct
48
efferent ductules
about 12 small ciliated ducts collecting sperm from rete tests and transporting it to the epididymis
49
duct of the epididymis includes
body, tail, and head
50
epididymis
- site of sperm maturation and storage
- contains a single coiled duct, 6m long, adhering to posterior of testes
51
what happens to sperm if not ejaculated?
they disintegrate and epididymis reabsorbs them
52
vas deferens
- tube between epididymis and seminal vesicles
53
what is the path of the vas deferens?
ascends spermatic cord, enters pelvic cavity, travels to urinary bladder, and enlarges to a terminal ampulla
54
when does the vas deferens end?
when it unites with duct of seminal vesicles
55
ejaculatory duct
- 2cm duct formed where vas deferens and duct of seminal vesicle merge
- passes through prostate and empties into urethra
56
what are the three regions of the male urethra?
- prostatic
- membranous
- spongy (penile)
57
what are the three sets of accessory glands in the male respro system?
- seminal vesicles
- prostate
- bulbourethral glands
58
seminal vesicles
- pair of glands to bladder
- empty into ejaculatory duct
- forms 60% of semen
59
prostate
- surrounds urethra and ejaculatory duct just inferior to the bladder
- 30-50 compound tubuloacinar glands and empty through about 20 pores in the prostatic urethra
- thin milky secretion forms 30% of semen
60
bulbourethral glands
- near bulb of penis
- produce a clear slippery fluid that lubricates the head of the penis in prep for coitus
- protects sperm by neutralizing acidity of residual urine in urethra
61
benign prostatic hyperplasia
- noncancerous enlargement of the prostate
- compresses urethra and obstructs flow of urine making it harder to completely empty the bladder
62
benign prostatic hyperplasia may promote
bladder and kidney infections
63
____ typically goes unnoticed until painful
prostatic cancer
64
how is prostatic cancer diagnosed
- digital rectal exam
- elevated levels of serine protease and acid phosphatase in the blood
65
digital rectal exam
palpate through rectal wall
66
what is the function of the penis
to deposit semen in the vagina
67
half the penis is the internal ____ and the other half is externally visible ____ and ____
- root
- shaft
- glans
68
prepuce
- foreskin
- skin over shaft that loosely attaches to allow for expansion
69
the adult prepuce remains anchored to glans by ____
frenulum
70
what causes the penis to become erect?
three cylindrical bulbs of erectile tissue
71
how does erectile tissue work?
fill with blood during sexual arousal to cause erection
72
what are the three erectile tissues found in the penis
- single corpus spongiosum
- two corpora cavernosa
73
corpus spongiosum
- encloses spongy urethra
- distal end enlarges and forms the glans penis
- proximal end is a dilated bulb ensheathed by bulbospongiosus muscle
74
corpora cavernosa
- attaches to pubic arch
- located on the dorsal aspect of the penis
75
lacunae
blood sinuses in the the three cylindrical erectile tissues of the penis
76
trabeculae
partitions between the cavernous spaces
77
reproduction function is regulated by what?
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
78
as hypothalamus matures it produces ____
GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
79
what does GnRH do?
stims the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH
80
follicle-stimulating hormone in male repro
stims nurse cells to secrete androgen-binding protein that binds testosterone and stims spermatogenesis
81
inhibin
selective suppression of FSH secretion
82
luteinizing hormone
- aka interstitial cell-stimming hormone
- stims interstitial endocrine cells to produce androgens primarily testosterone
83
why does testosterone secretion decline with age?
due to decline in number and activity of interstitial endocrine cells
84
what are the effects of testosterone reduction? (7)
- reduced libido and ease of arousal
- loss of muscle mass and bone density
- slower beard growth
- shrinkage of external genitalia and seminal vesicles
- decline of semen volume, sperm count and sperm motility
- elevation of FSH and LH
- ED
85
why is there an increase of FSH and LH in the male body as the person ages?
lack of negative feedback inhibition
86
what does an increase of FSH and LH with age cause in men?
- mood and personality changes
- depression
- fatigue
87
erectile dysfunction
inability to produce or sustain an erection for intercourse
88
andropause
- male climacteric
- male menopause
89
spermatogenesis
process fo sperm production in seminiferous tubules
90
what are the three principal events of spermatogenesis
- division and remodeling of large germ cells into small mobile sperm cells with flagella
- reduction of chromosome number by one half
- shuffling of genes
91
why are genes shuffled during spermatogenesis?
so chromosome contains new gene combinations that did not exist in parent ensuring genetic variation in the offspring
92
meiosis
recombines genes and reduces chromosome number while producing four daughter cells that will become sperm
93
mitosis is the basis for what in development? (4)
- division of single-cell fertilized egg
- growth of an embryo
- all postnatal growth
- tissue repair
94
four stages of mitosis
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase
95
meiosis is sometimes called
reduction division
96
how many cell divisions does meiosis have?
two
97
prophase one
- pairs of homologous chromosomes line up to form tetrads
- crossing over creates new combos of genes
98
metaphase one
homologous pairs align with equatorial plane
99
anaphase one
homologous chromosomes separated and pulled to poles
100
telophase one
- nucleus forms
- cytokinesis splits the cytoplasm to yield two daughter cells
101
describe the daughter cells of meiosis 1
haploid with 23 chromosomes each being double stranded
102
which is more closely related to mitosis: meiosis 1 or 2
2
103
what happens in meiosis 2
each of double-stranded chromosomes divides into chromatids and these separate
104
describe the daughter cells of meiosis 2
haploid each with 23 single-stranded chromosomes
105
when does spermatogenesis begin
puberty
106
spermatogonia divide by ____
mitosis
107
spermatogonia
- one daughter cell of each division remain in tubule wall as stem cell
- other daughter migrates away from wall and is on its way to producing sperm
108
type A spermatogonium
remains in tubule wall as stem cell
109
type B spermatogonium
migrates away from wall and produces sperm
110
the type B spematogonium enlarges after leaving wall to form what
primary spermatocyte
111
how does the primary spermatocyte form
- passes through tight junctions of blood testis barrier
- protected from immune system as it undergoes meiosis and becomes genetically different
112
primary spermatocyte undergoes ____ producing two haploid ____
- meiosis 1
- secondary spermatocytes
113
each secondary spermatocyte undergoes ___ dividing into two haploid ____
- meiosis 2
- spermatids
114
total of ___ spermatids produced from each spermatogonium
four
115
each spermatid undergoes ____ to become a
- spermatogenesis
- spermatozoan
116
what does spermatogenesis entail for each spermatid
forms flagellum and discards most cytoplasm
