Lesson 13/14 Exam 4 Flashcards
1
Q
respiratory system
A
organ system that takes in air and expels it from the body
2
Q
respiration refers to
A
ventilation of the lungs
3
Q
function of the respiratory system
A
- gas exchange
- communication
- olfaction
- acid base balance
- blood pressure regulation
- blood and lymph flow
- platelet production
- blood filtration
- expulsion of abdominal contents
4
Q
gas exchange in the respiratory system
A
O2 and CO2 exchanged between blood and air
5
Q
communcation in the respiratory system
A
speech and other vocalization
6
Q
olfaction is
A
sense of smell
7
Q
acid base balance in respiratory system
A
influences pH of body fluids by eliminating CO2
8
Q
blood pressure regulation in respiratory system
A
assists with synthesis of angiotensin II
9
Q
angiotensin II
A
hormone that regulates blood pressure
10
Q
blood and lymph flow in respiratory system
A
breathing creates pressure gradients between thorax and abdomen that promotes flow of lymph and blood
11
Q
platelet production in respiratory system
A
more than half of platelets are made by megakaryotes in lungs
12
Q
blood filtration in respiraotry system
A
lungs filter small clots
13
Q
expulsion of abdominal contents i respiratory system
A
breath holding assists in urination, defacation, and childbirth
14
Q
principle organs of the respiratory system
A
- nose
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
15
Q
conducting zone
A
- passages that serve only for airflow
- nostrils through major bronchioles
16
Q
respiratory zone
A
regiosn that participate in gas exchange
17
Q
upper respiratory tract
A
airway from nose through larynx
18
Q
lower respiratory tract
A
regions from trachea through lungs
19
Q
nose
A
- warms, cleasnes, and humidifies inhaled air
- detects odors
- serves as resonating chamber that amplifies voice
20
Q
the nose extends from
A
nostrils to posterior nasal apeture
21
Q
nostrils aka
A
nares
22
Q
posterior nasal apeture aka
A
choanae
23
Q
facial part of the nose is shaped by
A
bone and hyaline cartilage
24
Q
nasal septum
A
divides nasal cavity into right and left nasal fossae
25
vestibule
small dilated chamber just inside nostrils lined with stratified squamous epithelium
26
guard hairs aka
vibrissae
27
guard hairs
stiff hairs that block insects and debris from entering nose
28
chamber behind vestibule occupied by
superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae
29
nasal conchae project
from lateral walls toward septum
30
meatus
narrow air passage beneath each concha
31
narrowness and turbulence ensure
most air contacts mucous membranes to clean, warm, and moisten the air
32
nasal mucosa covered by
respiratory epithelium
33
respiratory epithelium
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
34
ciliated cells
have motile cilia that propel mucus posteriorly toward pharynx to be swallowed
35
_____ produce most mucus in nasal respiratory epithelium
goblet cells
36
goblet cells are supplemented by
mucous glands in lamina propria
37
olfactory epithelium
- located at roof of each nasal fossa
- immobile cilia bind odoarant molecules
38
olfactory glands secrete ___
serous fluid
39
why do olfactory glands secrete serous fluid
to assist in the diffusion of odor molecules to receptors on the cilia
40
pharynx
muscular funnel extending about 5in from posterior nasal apertures to larynx
41
muscles of the pharynx assist in
swallowing and speech
42
what are the three regions of the pharynx
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
43
nasopharynx
posterior to nasal apertures and above soft palate
44
nasopharynx receives ___ and contains ____
- auditory tubes
- pharyngeal tonsil
45
what is the purpose fo the 90° downward turn in the nasopharynx?
to trap large particles
46
oropharynx
space between soft palate and epiglottis
47
what tonsils are located in the oropharynx
palatine
48
laryngopharynx
posterior to larynx from epiglottis to cricoid cartilage
49
larynx
cartilaginous chamber about 1.5in long
50
larynx primary function
- keep food and drink out of airway
- involved in sound production
51
epiglottis
flap of tissue that guards superior opening of larynx
52
what happens to the epiglottis when swallowing?
extrinsic muscles pull larynx upward and tongue pushes epiglottis down
53
what is the reason for the epiglottis closing?
closes airway and directs food to esophagus behind it
54
_____ play greater role in keeping food and drink out of the airway
vestibular folds
55
___ cartilages make up framework of larynx
nine
56
what are the first three cartilages of the larynx
- epiglottis
- thyroid
- cricoid
57
epiglottis cartilage
- most superior
- spoon-shaped supportive plate of epiglottis
58
thyroid cartilage
- shield-shaped and largest
- contains laryngeal prominence
59
laryngeal prominence aka
adam's apple
60
what causes adam's apple to grow
testosterone
61
cricoid catilage
- ring like shape
- connects larynx to trachea
62
vestibular folds
two folds on internal wall of larynx that extend from thyroid cartilage to arytenoid cartilages
63
vestibular folds function
close larynx during swallowing
64
vestibular fold supported by
vestibular ligaments
65
vocal folds
- produce sound when air passes between them
- contain vocal ligaments
66
vocal ligaments covered in
stratified squamous epithelium
67
why are vocal ligaments covered in stratified squamous epithelium
to ensure they can endure vibration and contact
68
glottis
vocal cords and opening between them
69
how many layers of muscle are in the larynx?
two; superficial and deep
70
extrinsic muscles of larynx
- superficial layer of muscles connecting larynx to hyoid bone
- elevate larynx during swallowing
71
intrinsic muscles
abduct or adduct vocal cords depending on direction of rotation
72
air forced between adducted cords creates
high pitch sound
73
lower pitched sounds are audible when
cord are more slack
74
how do adult male cords compare to female
- usually longer and thicker
- vibrate more slowly
- produce lower pitched sound
75
loudness is determined by
the force of air passing between vocal cords
76
what transforms crude sounds from the vocal cord into words
actions of the pharynx, oral cavity, tongue, and lips
77
trachea
- tube that connects larynx to bronchi
- windpipe
78
structure and location of trachea
- rigid 4.5in long and 1in diameter
- anterior to esophagus
- supported by 16-20 c shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
79
why is the trachea supported by cartilage
prevent collapse during inhalation
80
why are opening of cartilage on trachea facing posteriorly
allows esophagus to expand as swallowing food passes by
81
carina
internal median ridge on the lowermost tracheal cartilage
82
the trachea is lined with
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
83
the trachea contains what types of cells
- mucus secreting cells
- ciliated cells
- stem cells
84
mucociliary escalator
- mechanism for debris removal
- mucus traps inhaled particles, upward beating cilia moves mucus to pharynx to be swallowed
85
tracheotomy
to make a temporary opening in the trachea and insert a tube to allow airflow
86
tracheotomy prevents
asphyxiation due to upper airway obstruction
87
potential problems of a tracheotomy include
- inhaled air bypasses nasal cavity and is not humidified
- if left for long, will dry out mucus membrane
- become encrusted and interfere with clearance of mucus from tract thereby promoting infection
88
intubation
- when patient is on ventilator
- air is introduced directly into trachea
89
air must be __ and __ to prevent respiratory tract damage
filter and humidified
90
what are the landmarks of the lung
- base
- apex
- costal surface
- mediastinal surface
- hilum
91
base of lung
broad concave portion resting on diaphragm
92
apex of lung
tip that projects just above the clavicle
93
costal surface of lung
pressed against the ribcage
94
mediastinal surface of lung
face medially toward heart
95
hilum of lung
slit through which the lung receives the main bronchus, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
96
structures near hilum constitute
root of lung
97
are the lungs symmetrical?
no
98
right lung has a ___ volume than left lung
greater
99
characteristics of the right lung
- shorter than left
- three lobes
100
why is the right lung shorter than the left
liver rises higher on the right
101
horizontal fissure of right lung separates ____
superior and middle lobes
102
oblique fissure of right lung separates ____
middle and inferior lobes
103
characteristics of left lung
- tall and narrow
- indentation to accommodate heart
- had two lobes
104
why is the left lung tall and narrow?
heart tilts toward the left and occupies more space on this side of mediastinum
105
cardiac impression
indentation in left lung to accommodate heart
106
what separates the two lobes of the left lung
oblique fissure
107
bronchial tree
branching system of air tubes in each lung
108
the bronchial tree extends from
main bronchus to terminal bronchioles
109
how many terminal bronchioles are there
65000
110
right main bronchus is ___ than left main bronchus
wider and more verticle
111
aspirated foreign objects lodge more in the ____ than the ___
right than the left
112
main bronchi divide into
lobar bronchi
113
how many lobar bronchi branches are there in the right lung
three
114
how many lobar bronchi branches are there in the left lung
two
115
lobar bronchi branch into
segmental bronchi
116
main bronchi supported by
rings of hyaline cartilage
117
cartilage rings of main bronchus transition to
crescent-shaped plates in lobar and segmental bronchi
118
all bronchi are lined with
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
119
what happens to cells and epithelium are progress distally towards bronchioles
cells grow shorter and epithelium thinner
120
lamina propria has abundance of
mucus glands and lymphoid nodules
121
all divisions of bronchial tree have large amount of
elastic connective tissue
122
what does elastic connective tissue in bronchial tree do?
contributes to recoil during respiration
123
muscularis mucosae
- mucosa of bronchial tree with well-developed layer of smooth muscle
- contracts or relaxes to constrict or dilate airway
124
bronchodilation and stim
- increase in diameter of bronchus or bronchiole
- epinephrine and sympathetic stim
125
bronchoconstriction and stim
- decrease in diameter of bronchus or bronchiole
- histamine, parasym nerve, cold air, chemical irritants
126
bronchioles
continuations of airway that ack supportive cartilage and are 1mm or less in diameter
127
pulmonary lobule
portion of lung ventilated by one bronchiole
128
bronchioles have what type of tissue
ciliated cuboidal epithelium
129
each bronchiole branches into ___ terminal bronchioles
50-80
130
terminal bronchioles
- final braches of conducting zone
- measure 0.5mm or less in diameter
131
terminal bronchioles do not have
mucous glands or goblet cells
132
terminal bronchioles do have
cilia that move mucus by mucociliary escalator
133
each terminal bronchiole gives off two or more
respiratory bronchioles
134
respiratory bronchioles have ___ budding off them
alveoli
135
____ considered beginning of respiratory zone
respiratory bronchioles
136
how many alveolar ducts come off of respiratory bronchioles
2-10
137
alveolar ducts
- elongated thin-walled passages with alveoli along their walls
- end in alveolar sacs
138
alveolar sacs
clusters of alveoli around a central space
139
alveoli
microscopic air pouches in the lung each about 0.2-0.5mm in diameter
140
how many alveoli in each lung
480 million
141
what is the surface area of the alveoli in the lungs
70 m^2
142
cells of the alveoli
- squamous alveolar cells
- great alveolar cells
- alveolar macrophages
143
squamous alveolar cells
- type 1
- thin cells allow rapid gas diffusion between air and blood
144
____ cover 95% of alveolus surface area
type 1 squamous alveolar cells
145
great alveolar cells
- type 2
- cuboidal cells
- repair alveolar epithelium when squamous cells are damaged
146
what covers the last 5% of alveolar surface
type 2 cells
147
type 2 cells secrete
pulmonary surfactant
148
pulmonary surfactant
mixture of phospholipids and proteins that coats the alveoli and prevents them from collapsing during exhalation
149
how does surfactant prevent alveoli from collapsing
reduces surface tension
150
alveolar macrophages
- dust cells
- wander lumens of alveoli and connective tissue between them
- keep alveoli free from debris by phagocytizing dust particles
151
why do millions of dust cells die each day
ride up mucociliary escalator to be swallowed and digested with their load of debris
152
____ most numerous of all cells in lung
alveolar macrophages
153
respiratory membrane
thin barrier between alveolar air and blood
154
each alveolus surrounded by
basket of capillaries supplied by pulmonary artery
155
three layers of respiratory membrane
- squamous alveolar cells
- endothelial cells of blood capillary
- shared basement membrane
156
pulmonary circuit
- pulmonary trunk
- pulmonary arteries
- lobar arteries
- capillaries surrounding alveoli
- pulmonary veins
157
pulmonary circuit function
unload CO2 from blood so it can be exhaled and pick up O2 from inhaled air
158
systemic blood supply in lungs
bronchial arteries and veins
159
bronchial arteries of lung systemic blood supply
- arise form aorta
- supply lung tissue with blood supply
160
bronchial veins in lung systemic blood supply
drain this blood into azygos vein of thorax
161
right to left shunt
- some bronchial venous blood mixes with pulmonary venous blood
- dilutes oxygen content somewhat before it reaches the left atrium
162
to prevent fluid accumulation in the lungs
alveoli are kept dry by low blood pressure in capillaries
163
average blood pressure in alveoli
10 mmHg
164
low blood pressure in alveoli means what?
- reabsorption overrides filtration and keeps the alveoli free of excess fluid
- prevents rupture of respiratory membrane
165
lung has more extensive ____ than any other organ
lymphatic drainage
166
pleura
serous membrane that lines thoracic wall and forms surface of lung
167
visceral pleura
forms surface of the lung
168
parietal pleura
adheres to mediastinum, inner surface of rib cage, and superior surface of diaphragm
169
pleural cavity
- potential space between pleurae
- contains film of pleural fluid
170
is there usually room between membrane of pleura
no
171
pleural effusion
pathological seepage of fluid into the pleural cavity
172
causes of pleural effusion
- congestive heart failure
- pneumonia
- pulmonary embolism
173
functions of pleurae and pleural fluid
- reduction of friction
- creation of a pressure gradient
- compartmentalization
174
reduction of friction in pleura
allow lungs to move with minimal friction
175
creation of pressure gradient in pleura
pressure gradient assists with lung inflation
176
compartmentalization of pleura
prevents spread of infection from one organ in mediastinum to others
177
breathing
repetitive cycle of inspiration and expiration
178
respiratory cycle
one complete breath
179
quiet respiration
- breathing while at rest
- effortless and automatic
180
forced respiration
- deep and rapid breathing
- during exercise or playing instrument
181
flow of air in and out of lungs depend on
pressure difference between air within lungs and outside body
182
____ change lung volumes and create differences in pressure relative to atmosphere
respiratory muscles
183
principle respiratory muscles
diaphragm and intercostals
184
prime mover of respiration
diaphragm
185
diaphragm moving respiration
- contraction flattens diaphragm enlarging thoracic cavity and pulling air into lung
- relaxation allows diaphragm to bulge upward again, compressing lungs and expelling air
186
diaphragm accounts for ___ of airflow
two thirds
187
internal and external intercostals
- located between ribs
- contribute to enlargement and contraction of thoracic cage
188
accessory muscles of respiration act mainly in
forced respiration
189
deep inspiration uses
- sternocleidomastoid
- scalenes
- pectoralis minor
- serratus anterior
190
normal quiet inspiration uses
diaphragm and external intercostals
191
normal quiet expiration
energy saving passive process achieved by elasticity of lungs and thoracic cage
192
forced expiraion uses
- rectus abdominus
- internal intercostals
- external obliques
193
why are abdominal muscles used for forced expiration
increases abdominal pressure pushing viscera up against diaphragm increasing thoracic pressure
