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bacteriology > lesson 2 > Flashcards

lesson 2 Flashcards

1
Q

stores all the information for the structures and functions of the cell

A

dna

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2
Q

. The genetic information of bacteria is stored in

A

chromosome and plasmid

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3
Q

the virulence factors of bacteria are mediated by

A

mutation
recombination processes (conjugation, transformation, transduction)

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4
Q

mobile genetics

A

plasmids

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5
Q

carry genes that recombine with the recipient

A

mobile genetics elements

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6
Q

Antibiotic resistance gene is acquired through

A

HGT

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7
Q

result of recombination

A

, an avirulent organism can acquire virulence genes.

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8
Q

are linear sequences of DNA that carry coded information for the structure and function of an organism

A

gene

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9
Q

-Bacterial chromosome is typically circular, double stranded chain of nucleotides.

A

chromosome

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10
Q

are extrachromosomal DNA molecules.

A

plasmids

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11
Q

examples of plasmids

A

F (fertility factors)
R (resistance)
Virulence plasmids

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12
Q

transposable element that contains the genes for transposition, and one or more more genes as well.

A

transposons

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13
Q

for toxin production or R genes conferring resistance to antibiotics

A

tetracycline, chloramphenicol, or ampicillin.

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14
Q

can move R genes from one plasmid to another or to bacterial genes.

A

transposon

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15
Q

are bacteria-associated from molecules that are required for a bacterium to cause disease.

A

virulence factors

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16
Q

Cluster of virulence genes

A

pathogenicity islands

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17
Q

Encode variety of virulence factors such as toxins, superantigens, adhesins, iron uptake systems, secretion systems III and IV, and many effectors that modulate behavior of host cells.

A

pathogenicity islands

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18
Q

are sequences of DNA that can move both within and between genomes

A

mobile genetic elements

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19
Q

examples of MGT

A

Plasmids, transposon54s, prophages, insertion sequences

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20
Q

Plasmids, transposon54s, prophages, insertion sequences

A

MGE

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21
Q

Change in nucleotide sequence of a gene

A

mutations

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22
Q

Forms of mutations observed in bacteria

A

base substitutions
microinsertions and microdeletions of base [pairs
reversions
deletions of multiple base pairs
insertions during recombination
translocation
inversions

23
Q

code for the same amino acid

A

silent mutation

24
Q

code for a different amino acid

A

missense mutation

25
Q

code for a stop amino acid resulting to a truncated protein

A

nonsense mutation

26
Q

-frameshift mutations: + or – frameshifts

A

Microinsertions and microdeletions of base pairs

27
Q

mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

A

alteration of targets
alteration of membrane permeability
development of enzymes
alteration of enzymes
alteration of metabolic pathways
eliminations of antibiotic through membrane bound efflux pump

28
Q

mechanism that usually affects the ribosomes of bacteria

A

alteration of targets

29
Q

the antimicrobial agent can no longer bind to the target

A

alteration of target

30
Q

caused by the resistance to erythromycin rifamycin and antimetabolites

A

alteration of targets

31
Q

mechanism that induce changes in nature of proteins in the membrane

A

alteration of membrane permeability

32
Q

alteration of membrane permeability causes resistance to

A

tetracycline, quinolonoes, some aminoglycosides

33
Q

mechanism of bacteria that ables them to destroy or inactivate antimicrobial agents

A

development of enzymes

34
Q

example of enzymes produced by bacteria to render penicillins and cephalosporins ineffective

A

beta-lactamase which catalyzes beta lactam rings

35
Q

alteration of enzymes affect what antibiotic

A

sulfonamide

36
Q

when bacteria bypasses pathways inhibited by the antimicrobial agent

A

alteration of metabolic pathways

37
Q

what bacterias were found using efflux mechanism

A

e coli, salmonella typhimurium, pseudomonas auruginosa, campylobacter jejuni

38
Q

what tpe of efflux pump is found in gram negative and positive bacteria

A

negative- single and multiple efflux component
positive- single component

39
Q

a process that requires direct contact through the conjugative sex (plasmid) of the donor and recipient cells

A

conjugation

40
Q

it trnasfers much larger quantities of dna

A

conjugation

41
Q

the dna acquired is incorporated into bacteriophage nuclei acid and transferred by progeny of the phage to susceptible recipient cells

A

transduction

42
Q

viruses that infect bacteria

A

bacteriophage

43
Q

2 forms of transduction and differentiate

A

generalized is when the any gene (genetic marker) of the host bacterium can be transferred while specialized, only genes near the attachment site of the phage on the chromosome of host cell are involved

44
Q

transfer of free or naked dna containing genes on a segment of chromosomal or plasmid dna from a lysed donor bacterium

A

transformation

45
Q

the ability of the bacterium to take up free dna

A

competence

46
Q

bacillus anthracis virulence factor

A

capsule, toxins/plasmid

47
Q

clostridium botulinum virulence factors

A

neurotoxins/bacteriophages

48
Q

e coli virulence factors

A

shiga-like toxin, enterotoxins, heat-stable toxin, siderophore production/transposons

49
Q

salmonella Dublin virulence factors

A

serum resistance factor or plasmid

50
Q

staphylococcus aureus virulence factor

A

enterotoxin (a,d,e) toxic shoxk syndrome factor 1

51
Q

yersinia pestis virulence factors

A

coagulase, fibrinolysin

52
Q

antibiotic resistance can be passed germ to germ by

A

mobile genetic elements like plasmid, transposon, bacteriophae

53
Q

what ability does the sulfonamide resistant bacteria acquired

A

to use ready made folic acid from environment and no longer need PABA

54
Q
A

bacteriology (8 decks)

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