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bacteriology > lesson 1 > Flashcards

lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

determinants that would influence the outcome of an interaction

A

host immune system and pathogens’ virulence factors

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2
Q

the disturbance in the state of health wherein the body cannot carry its normal function

A

disease

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3
Q

refers to the multiplication of the parasite within the host body

A

infection

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4
Q

means the organism is present on the surface of the skin and mucous membranes

A

contamination

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5
Q

one that harbors parasite

A

host

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6
Q

one that benefits from the symbiotic relationship and harms the host

A

parasite

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7
Q

the capacity of the pathogen to produce disease

A

pathogenicity

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8
Q

pathogenicity of an organism depends on ___

A

its ability to evade the defense mechanism of the host

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9
Q

intensity of the disease produced by the pathogens or the degree of pathogenicity

A

virulence

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10
Q

factors that are produced by a microorganism and evoke disease

A

virulence factors

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11
Q

virulence factors help bacteria to

A
  1. invade host
  2. cause disease
  3. evade host defenses
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12
Q

examples of virulence factors

A

bacterial toxins and enzymes

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13
Q

type of barriers of immune system

A

physical
innate
specific

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14
Q

progression of an infectious disease

A

incubation
prodromal
invasisve
decline
convalescent

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15
Q

period of time beginning with the initial infection through to the point where individual presents clinical signs.

A

incubation phase

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16
Q

The agent localized and begun to multiply; asymptomatic but capable of transmitting the disease agent to others

A

incubation phase

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17
Q
  • short and present non- specific mild signs. e.g. redness and swelling, depression and anorexia.
A

prodromal phase

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18
Q

characteristic of a particular disease are apparent

A

invasive phase

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19
Q

signs are at greatest intensity; when pathogen has invaded and damaged host tissues

A

acme

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20
Q

what phasse is acme present

A

invasive

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21
Q

examples of invasive phase

A

cough, fever, swollen lymph nodes, vomiting, diarrhea

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22
Q

characterized by decline in signs associated with the disease

A

decline phase

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23
Q

secondary infection may occur this time as the immune system has been compromised during the interaction with the original pathogen

A

decline phase

24
Q

host begins to repair the damage caused by the presence of pathogen, and the host recovers.

A

convalescent phase

25
Q

This phase may be infectious if the disease is associated with scab or accessible lesions.

A

convalescent phase

26
Q

major virulence factors are

A

adhesins, capsules and toxins

27
Q

help the bacterium bind to intestinal epithelium,

A

adhesins

28
Q

2 classification of toxins based on how they are released

A

exotoxins and endotoxins

29
Q

differentiate endotoxins from exotoxins

A

exotoxins are soluble substances released in the host tissues while endotoxines are part of the bacterial wall and released when the bacterium dies or divide

30
Q

organisms producing endotoxins and exotoxins

A

gram negative-endo
gram positive- exo

31
Q

location of exotoxins in cells

A

extracellular, excreted into the medium

32
Q

location of endotoxins in cells

A

bound within bacterial cell wall. released upon its death

33
Q

chemical nature of exotoxins and endotoxins

A

exo- polypeptides
endo- lipopolysaccharide complex

34
Q

exo and endo stability

A

exo- unstable(can be natured at 60 C by UV light)
endo- relatively stable(can withsatance several hours above 60 C)

35
Q

toxicity of endo and exo

A

exo-among the most powerful toxins
endo- weak but can be fatal in large doses

36
Q

100-1million times as strong as strychnine

A

exotoxins

37
Q

capsules are prevents phagocytosis

A

capsules

38
Q

elaboration result to various damaging effects to the host.

A

toxins

39
Q

exotoxins effect on tissue

A

highly specific. some act as a neuurotoxins or cardiac muscle toxins

40
Q

fever production exo and end

A

exo-little or no fever
endo- rapid rise in temp to high fever

40
Q

endotoxins effect on tissue

A

nonspecific. ache all over systemic effects or local site reactions

41
Q

antigenicity of endo and exo

A

exo- strong. stimulates antibody production and immunity
endo- weak. recovery from disease often does not produce immunity

42
Q

toxoid conversion and use endo exo

A

exo- by treatment with heat or chemicals. toxoid to immunize against toxins
endo- cannot be converted to toxoid. cannot be used to immunize

43
Q

examples of exotoxins

A

botulism, gas gangrene, tetanus, diphtheria

44
Q

endotoxins examples

A

salmonellosis, tularemia, endotoxic shock

45
Q

the disease triad

A

host
pathogen
environment

46
Q

events in all infectious disease

A

encounter
entry and colonization
evading host defenses
multiplication
damage

47
Q

where agents meet the host

A

encounter

48
Q

after attachments to receptors of host cells by means of specific adhesion molecules present on its surface

A

entry and colonization

49
Q

proteins that promote tighter binding of bacteria to host cells following initial binding bia pilii

A

adhesins

50
Q

promotes attachment in small intestine

A

pili-K88/K99 of e coli

51
Q

mechanisms that destroy host defenses

A

evading host defense

52
Q

examples of evading host defense

A

production of extracellular matrices
imactivation of cell responses
interference with the humoral immune responses

53
Q

ability of organism to invoke deleterious effects

A

damage

54
Q

how does bacteria damage cells

A

through toxin production and direct cell and cellular function damage

bacteriology (8 decks)

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