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MIDS 187- OB2 > Lesson 19b: Fetal Genitourinary System > Flashcards

Lesson 19b: Fetal Genitourinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary tract anomalies tend to show a predominance in this sex:

A

Male

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2
Q

Polycystic kidneys and horseshoe kidney has a predominance in this sex:

A

Male

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3
Q

In the first trimester the kidneys appear ___________ to the surrounding tissue

A

Isoechoic

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4
Q

What week is kidney evaluation optimal?

A

Week 20
(due to corticomedullary differentiation)

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5
Q

What week can the kidneys be easily identified and thoroughly evaluated in 95% of patients?

A

Week 22

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6
Q

In week 20, kidneys measure about _____cm.

A

2

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7
Q

By full term, kidneys measure nearly ____cm.

A

4

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8
Q

What can you use to help visualizer kidneys?

A

Colour and/or Power Doppler to see renal arteries

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9
Q

The bladder can be seen as early as week _____.

A

11

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10
Q

The bladder can definitely be seen by week _____.

A

13

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11
Q

Fetal voiding excludes the possibility of: ________ _________ ____________.

A

Bladder Outlet Obstruction

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12
Q

The fetal bladder fills and voids about ________ per _______.

A

Once per hour

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13
Q

Bilateral renal dysfunction or agenesis and bilateral renal or ureteral obstruction can be ruled out by seeing the bladder _______.

A

Fill

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14
Q

True or False: Amniotic fluid seen has a direct correlation to renal function

A

TRUE

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15
Q

When does fetal urinary production begin?
When does it increase considerably?
When does urine make up about 90% of amniotic fluid?

A

9 Weeks
16 Weeks
20 Weeks

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16
Q

We may suspect a malfunctioning urinary system if we see oligohydraminos after week ______.

A

16

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17
Q

True or False: Unilateral renal agenesis is uncommon

A

False
(Unilateral is common, Bilateral is uncommon)

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18
Q

Unilateral renal agenesis is often correlated with contralateral kidney anomalies such as ______ obstruction and ______ reflux .

A

UPJ: Ureteropelivc Junction obstruction
VUR: Vesicoureteral reflux

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19
Q

True or False: In cases of unilateral renal agenesis, the existing kidney is usually small.

A

False: it is usually larger and hypertrophic to compensate

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20
Q

True or False: Unilateral agenesis affects the amount of amniotic fluid produced

A

False: No change occurs

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21
Q

Bilateral renal agenesis causes ____________, and an empty bladder from ______ weeks onward.

A

Anhydraminos
16

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22
Q

True or False: A fetus can live with bilateral renal agensis

A

False: incompatible with life

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23
Q

What is renal ectopia?

A

Kidney lies outside of renal fossa

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24
Q

How do ecotpic kidneys differ in size?

A

Smaller than usual and irregular shaped

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25
Q

Where do we usually find ectopic kidneys?

A

Pelvis

26
Q

Another name for a pelvic kidney is an _________ kidney

A

Unascended

27
Q

Crossed renal Ectopia is when the kidney is located on the __________ side from which the ureter inserts into the _________.

A

Opposite
Bladder

28
Q

True or False: Crossed renal ectopia usually results in the kidneys being fused together

A

True

29
Q

Crossover in more common from the ___ side to the ____ side.

A

Left to Right

30
Q

What is the most common renal fusion anomaly?

A

Horseshoe kidney

31
Q

Horseshoe kidney is formed by the fusion of the _______ poles in most cases.

A

Lower

32
Q

__________ in the urinary system is one of the most common fetal anomalies detected on prenatal US.

A

Obstruction

33
Q

Pelvic dilation is more common in fetuses with trisomy ____.

A

21

34
Q

True or False: UT Dilation is most commonly mild

A

True

35
Q

Most kidneys iwth antenatal hydronephrosis of less than _______ mm prove to be normal at birth.

A

10

36
Q

In the second Trimester, hydronephrosis can range from Mild: ____ to ____ mm
Moderate: _____ to ____mm
Severe: Greater than ____ mm

A

4-7 mm
7-10 mm
>10 mm

37
Q

In the third trimester, hydronephrosis can range from
Mild: ____ to ____ mm
Moderate: _____ to _____ mm
Severe: greater than ____ mm

A

7-9 mm
9-15 mm
>15 mm

38
Q

When hydronephrosis is detected in the second trimester (APRPD > or eqaul to ________ mm), a follow up US must be performed at _____ weeks.

A

4 mm
32 weeks

39
Q

What is a key factor for determining postnatal pathology?

A

Oligohydraminos

40
Q

When APRPD greater than ______ mm, oligohydraminos is predictive of chronic renal failure or death.

A

5

41
Q

UPJ obstruction is more common in this sex

A

Male

42
Q

Primary VUR is more common in this sex

A

Male

43
Q

Megaureter measures greater than ___ mm from ____ weeks onward

A

7 mm
30 weeks

44
Q

UVJ obstruction causes a _________, a cystic dilation of the distal ureter

A

Ureterocele

45
Q

The two most common causes of Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction (LUTO) is
1)_____________
2)_____________

A

1) PUV (posterior urethral valves) – key hole sign
2) Urethral Atresia

46
Q

PUV happens exclusively in this sex and is indicated by this sign

A

Males
Key Hole sign

47
Q

MMIHS stands for and is more common in this sex

A

Megacystitis Microcolon Intestinal Hypoperistalsis Syndrome
Female

48
Q

Prune Belly occurs mostly in this sex

A

Males

49
Q

Distension of the anterior abdominal wall without musculature, obstruction of the urinary tract, and bilateral cryptorchidsm is indicative of this syndrome

A

Prune Belly Syndrome

50
Q

ARPKD has cysts of ___ to ___ mm that are too small to be resolved as cysts on US

A

1 -2 mm

51
Q

ARPKD is seen in ______ while ADPKD is seen in ______

A

Infants
Adults

52
Q

Structural disorganization of renal tissues resulting in multiple noncommunicating cysts of
varying size, separated by dysplastic parenchyma is known as: ________

A

MCDK (multicystic dysplastic disease)

53
Q

The most common cause of nonhereditary renal cystic dysplasia and hyperechoic kidney is ________

A

Obstructive Cystic Dysplasia

54
Q

Neuroblastomas most commonly develop from the _______

A

Adrenal glands

55
Q

The most common congenital neoplasm is

A

Sacrococcygeal Teratoma

56
Q

The median umilical ligament is fromed from the ____

A

Urachus

57
Q

The cloaca divides into the
1)
2)
3)

A

1) rectum
2) bladder
3) genitalia

58
Q

The abnormal development of corpus spongiosum and cavernosa urethra due to incomplete fusion of the urogenital folds. “Tulip Sign”

A

Hypospadias

59
Q

True or False: Fluid in the scrotum at third trimester is abnormal

A

False: normal after teste decent

60
Q

The most common intraabdominal tumour in female fetuses and neonates are

A

Ovarian Cysts

61
Q

Any ovarian cyst greater than ___ mm is liekly to be complicated by torsion, hemorrhage or intestinal obstruction

A

5 mm

62
Q

Normal female phenotype at birth but amenorrhea at puberty and testes intraabdominally or in inguinal canal presents in ___________________ syndrome

A

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

MIDS 187- OB2 (11 decks)

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