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MIDS 187- OB2 > Lesson 19A: Fetal Abdomen > Flashcards

Lesson 19A: Fetal Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

Fetal abdominal organs attain their normal adult position and structure early in the _________ _________.

A

Second Trimester

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2
Q

This organ is seen less often in the fetal abdomen

A

Pancreas

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3
Q

When fetus is in cephalic presentation, the spine, stomach, and umbilical vein should be in a __________ manner. While breeched, should be in a ___________ manner.

A

Clockwise
Counterclockwise

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4
Q

What echogenicity is the skin around the abdomen?

A

Echogenic/Hyperechoic

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5
Q

What causes pseudoascites?

A

Hypoechoic muscles of the fetal abdomen

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6
Q

What vessels carry most of the aortic blood to the placenta?

A

Two umbilical arteries

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7
Q

The two umbilical arteries insert on the _______ wall cord insertion site and can be followed caudally down to the _______ iliac arteries, which are __________ to the bladder.

A

anterior
internal
lateral

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8
Q

The embyonic foregut develops into the ________, ________, __________, and __________.

A

Liver
Gallbladder
Ducts
Pancreas

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9
Q

The Liver, gallbladder, ducts, and pancreas develop from the _______ _________.

A

Embryonic Foregut

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10
Q

An outgrowth of the caudal portion of the forgut develops in the ______ week.

A

Fourth (4th)

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11
Q

The liver undergoes rapid growth in week _____ to ______ - occupying most of the abdominal cavity.

A

5th to 10th

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12
Q

The second-trimester liver makes up ____% of the fetal weight, decreasing by ___% by term.

A

10%
5%

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13
Q

Hematopoiesis causes the liver to have its bright red appearance in week ______.

A

Six (6)

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14
Q

What does hematopoiesis do to the liver?

A

Gives it the bright red appearance

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15
Q

Bile secretion begins in week ______.

A

Twelve (12)

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16
Q

This organ is teardrop shaped, off midline position, extrahepatic and posteroinferior.

A

Gallbladder

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17
Q

Unlike the umbilical vein, the gallbladder does not reach the _______ abdominal wall.

A

Anterior

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18
Q

The pancreas and spleen appear ________ to their surrounding structures.

A

isoechoic

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19
Q

These two structures can sometimes help to identify the pancreas

A

1) Stomach (fluid filled)
2) Splenic Vein

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20
Q

The fetal pancreas is slightly ________ in echogenicity than the liver.

A

Greater

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21
Q

The spleen is slightly _______ in echogenicity compared to the lvier.

A

Lesser

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22
Q

What do you do if you don’t see the stomach during an exam?

A

Wait a while, try again at end of the exam, take a representative image, schedule for follow up.

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23
Q

What causes echogenic material in the fetal stomach?

A

Blood or vernix

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24
Q

The small bowel appears as ________ before it is filled with fluid.

A

Heterogenous

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25
Q

Small bowel appears as ______ echogenic than the liver, but ______ echogenic than bones.

A

More
Less

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26
Q

In the third trimester, bowel becomes ________ echogenic and more sharply defined.

A

Less

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27
Q

This can be seen in the small bowel

A

Peristalsis

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28
Q

As gestational age increases, diameter of small bowel _______.

A

increases

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29
Q

The colon has a lumen that is of _______ echogenicity

A

Hypoechoic

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30
Q

The colon is more often seen in the ________ trimester.

A

Third (3rd)

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31
Q

Meconium is composed of what the fetus digests, such as: ______, ______, and ______.

A

1) Mucous
2) Amniotic fluid
3) Bile

32
Q

Meconium appears as a _________ echogenicity and can sometimes be mistaken for _________.

A

1) Hypoechoic
2) Cysts

33
Q

What are the two most common types of abdominal wall defects?

A

1) Omphalocele
2) Gastroschisis

34
Q

The distinguising feature between an Omphalocele and an Umbilical hernia is the position of the ______ ________.

A

Cord insertion

35
Q

A defect in the linea alba with protruding bowel that is completely covered by skin and subcutaneous tissue is known as an ________ __________.

A

Umbilical Hernia

36
Q

An omphalocele is covered by thin membrane such as 1)_________ and 2)_________.

A

1) Peritoneum
2) Amnion

37
Q

By week __________, the gut herniation should be fully resorbed.

A

Thirteen (13)

38
Q

An omphalocele can range is size from _____ to _____ cm.

A

2 - 10 cm

39
Q

An omphalocele may be suggested if the cord containting midgut has a maximum dimension of _____ mm or greater.

A

7 mm

40
Q

True or False: In the first trimester, an omphalocele must be larger than the abdomen to be a definitive diagnosis.

A

True

41
Q

The presence of the ______ or ______ in the sac of an omphalocele is associated with a poor outcome.

A

Spleen
Heart

42
Q

Gastroschisis commonly measure between _____ to _____ cm, and usually occurs to the _______ of the cord insertion.

A

2 to 4 cm
Right of the CI

43
Q

Increases in __________ levels in the amniotic fluid are associated with Gastroschisis.

A

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

44
Q

True or False: Gastroschisis is associated with the umbilical cord.

A

False

45
Q

True or False: When Gastroschisis is present, it is usually in young mothers

A

True

46
Q

Vasoactive substances, like nicotine and cocaine can increase the risk of development of fetal __________.

A

Gastroschisis

47
Q

An omphalocele caused by a fusion failure of the lateral ectomesodermal folds is Type _____.

A

One (1)

48
Q

An omphalocele caused by the failure of the muscles, fascia, and skin to fuse is Type ____.

A

Two (2)

49
Q

Bowel malrotation, chromosomal abnormalities, Turners, Klinefelter, triploidy, jejunal and ileal atresia are commonly associated with _________.

A

Omphaloceles

50
Q

True or False: Gastroschisis rarely occurs with other anomalies outside of bowel malformation.

A

True

51
Q

An abdominal defect associated with small AC is _______.

A

Gastroschisis - this is due to the abdominal contents migrating into the amnion (loops of free floating bowel)

52
Q

True or false: In 1/3 of cases of gastroschisis, oligohydraminos is also present.

A

True

53
Q

True or false: Fetal ascites is normal.

A

FALSE: always abnormal

54
Q

Ascites can extend into the scrotum and produce _________.

A

Hydroceles

55
Q

Ascites can be an isolated finding in bowel _________.

A

Perforation

56
Q

Bladder outlet obstruction and/or renal forniceal rupture can cause ________ ascites.

A

Urinary

57
Q

Immune and Non-Immune fetal hyrdops can cause this organ to enlarge due to the production of RBC’s.

A

The liver

58
Q

Interuption of the intrahepatic biliary tree development can cause solitary liver _________.

A

Cysts

59
Q

Intrauterine infections, especially those that cause TORCH can cause the liver to develop ______________.

A

Calcifications

60
Q

The most common Esophogeal Atresia consists of a ________, esophageal pouch, which communicates with _________ tract, through a __________.

A

Proximal
GI
Fistual

61
Q

Esophageal atresia is associated with Trisomy ____.

A

21

62
Q

True or False: Stomach fluid directly correlates with the amount of amniotic fluid.

A

True: Oligohydraminos and can cause absence of stomach fluid.

63
Q

What is a guarded prognosis?

A

Issues with baby, not mum

64
Q

A volvulus is an __________ caused by bowel ________ causing lack of blood supply.

A

Obstruction
Twisting

65
Q

What vessel can bowel volvulus primarily affect?

A

SMA (superior mesenteric artery)

66
Q

Bilous vomitting in an infant is a common sign of _____
_______.

A

Midgut Volvulus

67
Q

The failure of the duodenum to change from a solid cord of tissue into a tube causes duodenal _______.

A

Atresia

68
Q

The three types of duodenal recanalization anomalies are: 1)__________________, 2)______________ 3)____________

A

1) Duodenal diaphragm or web (stenotic)
2) Solid cord with atresia
3) Partial absence of duodenum

69
Q

This organ can surround the duodenum and cause obstruction or stenosis

A

Pancreas

70
Q

Duodenal atresia is most commonly associated with Trisomy _______.

A

21

71
Q

This is the most common echogenic mass found in the fetal abdomen

A

Bowel

72
Q

True or False: 50% of Echogenic bowel cases spontaneously resolve

A

True

73
Q

What trimester is echogenic bowel considered to be normal?

A

Third (3rd) Trimester
(Due to Meconium!)

74
Q

How do you measure the echogenicity of bowel?

A

Compare to fetal bone by turning down gains

75
Q

Bowel echogenicity _______ than the echogenicity of nearby fetal bone has been known to indicate a greater risk for meconium ileus/cystic fibrosis.

A

Greater

MIDS 187- OB2 (11 decks)

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