Lesson 1.2: Chemical Bonding

Question 1

all elements are composed of _____, the smallest unit of an element

Answer 1

atoms

Question 2

Atoms can join together to form molecules and compounds through a process called

Answer 2

chemical bonding

Question 3

What are the 3 types of chemical bonds?

Answer 3

covalent, ionic, hydrogen bonds.

Question 4

bonding that can occur when two atoms each have an unpaired electron in their outer orbitals

Answer 4

Covalent bonding

Question 5

sharing of electrons may be equal between the two atoms

Answer 5

nonpolar bond

Question 6

Unequal electron sharing, the bonds that hold the atoms of a water molecule together

Answer 6

polar covalent bond

Question 7

universal solvent, ideal transport medium, has a high heat capacity and a high heat of vaporization, used for lubrication

Answer 7

water

Question 8

occurs when atoms either donate or accept electrons from another atom

Answer 8

Ionic bonding

Question 9

individual atoms that participated in an ionic bond, electrically charged atoms or molecules

Answer 9

ions

Question 10

Positively charged ions

Answer 10

cation

Question 11

Negatively charged ions

Answer 11

anions

Question 12

When ionic bonds form between mineral compounds, the resulting compounds are _____

Answer 12

salts

Question 13

occurs when there’s a weak attraction between a slightly negative atom in a polar covalent bond and a slightly positive hydrogen atom involved in a second polar covalent bond

Answer 13

hydrogen bonding

Question 14

________ of water molecules results in a high surface tension

Answer 14

cohesion

Question 15

________ is similar to cohesion but refers to the attraction between water molecules and other charged surfaces.

Answer 15

adhesion

Question 16

those that don’t contain hydrocarbons (carbon and hydrogen bonded together), such as salts and water.

Answer 16

Inorganic compounds

Question 17

characterized by the presence of hydrocarbons.

Answer 17

Organic compounds

Question 18

hydrocarbon groups are usually bonded to another group of atoms, known as the __________ _____, that’s unique to each type of organic compound.

Answer 18

functional group

Question 19

consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio, cells use them for energy as well as structural materials

Answer 19

Carbohydrates

Question 20

What are the following?: monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides

Answer 20

the 3 main classes of carbohydrates

Question 21

simple sugars composed of only one monomer. Examples are glucose, fructose, and ribose.

Answer 21

Monosaccharides

Question 22

short chains of sugar monomers covalently bonded together. If they contain only two sugar monomers, they’re known as disaccharides. Examples of disaccharides are lactose (milk sugar) and sucrose (table sugar).

Answer 22

Oligosaccharides

Question 23

complex carbohydrates with many sugar monomers that form chains or branches. These monomers may be of different types and may number in the thousands. Examples include glycogen, starch, and cellulose.

Answer 23

Polysaccharides

Question 24

________ form enzymes and hormones and control all metabolic and biochemical reactions and processes in cells.

Answer 24

Proteins

Question 25

There are __ different amino acids in the body, all of which contain a carbon atom bound to an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain

Answer 25

20

Question 26

fats and other oily substances.

Answer 26

lipids

Question 27

What are the 4 classes of lipids?

Answer 27

neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids

Question 28

also known as triglycerides, are the most abundant lipids in the body and provide more than twice the energy of complex carbohydrates when they’re broken down.

Answer 28

Neutral fats

Question 29

made up of two fatty acids, glycerol and a phosphate group, made up of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends, these opposites help to shape it into two layers, called a lipid bilayer, when surrounded by water, the cell membrane is composed of this

Answer 29

Phospholipids

Question 30

a type of hydrophobic lipid. Examples include cortisone, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.

Answer 30

Steroids

Question 31

made up of 20 fatty acids in a ring structure. These help to mediate complex chemical processes in the body.

Answer 31

Eicosanoids

Question 32

an important nucleotide in the body produced during cellular respiration and used for energy storage

Answer 32

ddenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 33

The phosphate bonds of ATP contain energy that’s released when enzymes break off ATP’s outer phosphate group and attach it to another molecule by the process known as

Answer 33

phosphorylation

Question 34

The smallest particle of a substance

Answer 34

Molecules

Question 35

substance that induces chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed

Answer 35

catalyst

Question 36

Water-loving

Answer 36

Hydrophilic

Question 37

proteins that speed up chemical reactions.

Answer 37

Enzymes

Question 38

Which organic compounds contain amino acids?

Answer 38

proteins

Question 39

Polysaccharides and monosaccharides are considered which type of organic compound?

Answer 39

Carbohydrates