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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Lesson 1.2: Chemical Bonding > Flashcards

Lesson 1.2: Chemical Bonding Flashcards

1
Q

all elements are composed of _____, the smallest unit of an element

A

atoms

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2
Q

Atoms can join together to form molecules and compounds through a process called

A

chemical bonding

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of chemical bonds?

A

covalent, ionic, hydrogen bonds.

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4
Q

bonding that can occur when two atoms each have an unpaired electron in their outer orbitals

A

Covalent bonding

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5
Q

sharing of electrons may be equal between the two atoms

A

nonpolar bond

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6
Q

Unequal electron sharing, the bonds that hold the atoms of a water molecule together

A

polar covalent bond

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7
Q

universal solvent, ideal transport medium, has a high heat capacity and a high heat of vaporization, used for lubrication

A

water

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8
Q

occurs when atoms either donate or accept electrons from another atom

A

Ionic bonding

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9
Q

individual atoms that participated in an ionic bond, electrically charged atoms or molecules

A

ions

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10
Q

Positively charged ions

A

cation

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11
Q

Negatively charged ions

A

anions

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12
Q

When ionic bonds form between mineral compounds, the resulting compounds are _____

A

salts

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13
Q

occurs when there’s a weak attraction between a slightly negative atom in a polar covalent bond and a slightly positive hydrogen atom involved in a second polar covalent bond

A

hydrogen bonding

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14
Q

________ of water molecules results in a high surface tension

A

cohesion

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15
Q

________ is similar to cohesion but refers to the attraction between water molecules and other charged surfaces.

A

adhesion

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16
Q

those that don’t contain hydrocarbons (carbon and hydrogen bonded together), such as salts and water.

A

Inorganic compounds

17
Q

characterized by the presence of hydrocarbons.

A

Organic compounds

18
Q

hydrocarbon groups are usually bonded to another group of atoms, known as the __________ _____, that’s unique to each type of organic compound.

A

functional group

19
Q

consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio, cells use them for energy as well as structural materials

A

Carbohydrates

20
Q

What are the following?: monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides

A

the 3 main classes of carbohydrates

21
Q

simple sugars composed of only one monomer. Examples are glucose, fructose, and ribose.

A

Monosaccharides

22
Q

short chains of sugar monomers covalently bonded together. If they contain only two sugar monomers, they’re known as disaccharides. Examples of disaccharides are lactose (milk sugar) and sucrose (table sugar).

A

Oligosaccharides

23
Q

complex carbohydrates with many sugar monomers that form chains or branches. These monomers may be of different types and may number in the thousands. Examples include glycogen, starch, and cellulose.

A

Polysaccharides

24
Q

________ form enzymes and hormones and control all metabolic and biochemical reactions and processes in cells.

A

Proteins

25
Q

There are __ different amino acids in the body, all of which contain a carbon atom bound to an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain

A

20

26
Q

fats and other oily substances.

A

lipids

27
Q

What are the 4 classes of lipids?

A

neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids

28
Q

also known as triglycerides, are the most abundant lipids in the body and provide more than twice the energy of complex carbohydrates when they’re broken down.

A

Neutral fats

29
Q

made up of two fatty acids, glycerol and a phosphate group, made up of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends, these opposites help to shape it into two layers, called a lipid bilayer, when surrounded by water, the cell membrane is composed of this

A

Phospholipids

30
Q

a type of hydrophobic lipid. Examples include cortisone, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.

A

Steroids

31
Q

made up of 20 fatty acids in a ring structure. These help to mediate complex chemical processes in the body.

A

Eicosanoids

32
Q

an important nucleotide in the body produced during cellular respiration and used for energy storage

A

ddenosine triphosphate (ATP)

33
Q

The phosphate bonds of ATP contain energy that’s released when enzymes break off ATP’s outer phosphate group and attach it to another molecule by the process known as

A

phosphorylation

34
Q

The smallest particle of a substance

A

Molecules

35
Q

substance that induces chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed

A

catalyst

36
Q

Water-loving

A

Hydrophilic

37
Q

proteins that speed up chemical reactions.

A

Enzymes

38
Q

Which organic compounds contain amino acids?

A

proteins

39
Q

Polysaccharides and monosaccharides are considered which type of organic compound?

A

Carbohydrates

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (7 decks)

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