Lesson 1.1: Intro to Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
the study of the form and structure of the animal body and the relationships among its parts
Anatomy
the study of how the body functions
Physiology
the study of cells and tissues that require a microscope to see
Microscopic Anatomy
various sections that an animal’s body is divided into
Planes of Reference
Which planes divide the body into left and right halves but are not always equal?
Sagittal Planes
divides the animal down the center into equal left and right halves
Median Plane
What plane divides the body into 2 sections, one containing the head and the other the tail?
Transverse Plane
perpendicular to the Median Plane, divides the body into 2 parts containing the stomach and the back
Dorsal Plane
closer to the head
Cranial
closer to the back and spine
Dorsal
away from the middle or median plane
Lateral
towards the surface
Superficial
when a body part is closer to the main portion of the body
Proximal
when a body part is farther from the main portion of the body
Distal
the surface that touches the ground in back/lower limbs
Plantar
surface that touches the ground on the front/upper limbs
Palmer
the balance in the distribution of body parts
Symmetry
an organism’s left and right halves that are mirror images of each other
Bilateral Symmetry
axis of symmetry is around a central point
Radial Symmetry
contains the central nervous system and is subdivided into a cranial cavity and spinal cavity
Dorsal Body Cavity
formed from the bones of the skull and contains the brain
Cranial Cavity
formed from the vertebrae and contains the spinal cord
Spinal Cavity
also subdivided into two compartments, the thorax and the abdomen
Ventral Body Cavity
contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and major blood vessels
Thoracic Cavity
the thorax and the organs within the Thoracic Cavity, are all covered by a thin membrane called
Pleura
What is the thoracic cavity is sometimes called?
Pleura Cavity
the pleura that lines the organs
Visceral Layer
the pleura that lines the thoracic cavity as a whole
Parietal Layer
contains all the organs of the reproductive and urinary systems, as well as the stomach and intestinal tract
Abdominal Cavity
the abdominal cavity and the organs it contains are lined by a membrane called
Peritoneum
What is the abdominal cavity is sometimes called?
Peritoneal Cavity
the systematic classification and naming of organisms
Taxonomy
the major taxonomic categories, from largest to smallest:
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
muscle that separates the abdominal cavity from the chest cavity
Diaphragm
Mammals belong to several different ______ and are grouped together based largely on the presence of shared anatomical and physiological characteristics
orders
Order Carnivora
meat eaters, such as dogs and cats
Order Artiodactyla
the even-toed hoofed mammals, like pigs, cows, sheep, and goats (two hooves per limb)
Order Perissodactyla
the odd-toed hoofed mammals, like horses (one hoof per limb)
Order Rodentia
rodents, such as rats, mice, hamsters, and squirrels
Order Lagomorpha
rabbits and hares
structures within the body that are made up of different types of tissues working together
Organs
helps bind the tissues within the organ together
Connective Tissue
collections of organs and structures that cooperate to perform an essential function for the body as a whole
Organ Systems
maintenance of dynamic equilibrium in the body
Homeostasis
when the internal conditions can vary somewhat but only within the margins set by the body.
Dynamic Equilibrium
closer to the tip of the nose
Rostral
movement within GI system, moving away from the mouth
Aborad
types of muscle tissues in the body
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
4 general types of tissue found in the body
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
closest to the ground
Ventral
closer to the middle or Median Plane
Medial
away from the surface, towards the center
Deep
movement within GI system in the direction of the mouth
Orad
What 5 areas does the head and neck of a horse include?
the muzzle, throatlatch, poll, mane, crest
What is the body of a horse divided into what 3 parts??
head and neck, trunk, the 4 limbs
What are the 3 parts of the muzzle of a horse?
chin, mouth, nostrils
where the windpipe meets the head in a horse
throatlatch
the beginning of the neck, immediately behind the ears of a horse
poll
long, coarse hair growing from the dorsal ridge of a horse’s neck
mane
upper portion of the neck where the mane grows on a horse
crest
What 7 areas does the trunk of the horse include?
withers, barrel, back, loin, croup, dock, shoulders
highest point of the thoracic vertebrae, just above the top of the shoulder blades, also where the height of a horse is measured
withers
body of a horse enclosing the rib cage and other major internal organs
barrel
area where the saddle sits, begins at the end of the withers and extending to the last thoracic vertebrae
back
the area right behind the saddle, going to the last rib to the croup
loin
the topline of the hindquarters, beginning at the hip and stopping at the dock of the tail of a horse
croup
made up of scapula and associated muscles
shoulders
What 12 structures are included in the limbs of a horse?
elbow, forearm, knee, chestnut, cannon, pastern, fetlock, stifle, gaskin, hock, coronet, hoof
joint of the front leg at the point where the belly of the horse meets the leg
elbow
also known as the antebrachium, the area of the front leg between the knee and the elbow, consists of the fused radius and ulna in a horse
forearm
also known as the carpus, large joint in the front legs of a horse
knee
callosity on the inside of each leg of a horse
chestnut
metacarpal that lies between the knee and the fetlock joint of a horse
cannon
connects the coronet and the fetlock, is made up of the middle and proximal phalanx
pastern
also known as the ankle, joint distal to the knee on the front legs and the hocks on the back legs of a horse
fetlock
articulation between the femur and the tibia and the articulation between the patella and the femur of a horse
stifle
large muscle in the hind leg, just above the hock and below the stifle
gaskin
also known as the tarsus, large joint in the hind leg of a horse
hock
ring of soft tissue, just above the hoof that blends into the skin of the leg of a horse
coronet
foot of a horse
hoof
