2.1: The Skeletal and Muscular Systems

Question 1

Soft, horny covering at the proximal end of the hoof wall

Answer 1

Periople

Question 2

Type of sweat gland

Answer 2

Apocrine

Question 3

whiskers

Answer 3

Tactile hair

Question 4

Skin layer where fat is stored

Answer 4

Hypodermis

Question 5

Fiber-like protein that gives skin flexibility

Answer 5

Elastin

Question 6

The visible portion of hair

Answer 6

Hair shaft

Question 7

Skin layer with collagen

Answer 7

Dermis

Question 8

What are the 3 parts of a hoof?

Answer 8

wall, sole, frog

Question 9

gives color to the skin and hair

Answer 9

melanin

Question 10

What are the 3 phases of hair growth?

Answer 10

Anagen, telogen, catagen

Question 11

It protects against excessively humid or dry conditions, environmental chemicals, infectious organisms, helps regulate body temperature

Answer 11

Functions of the skin

Question 12

What are the 2 major layers of the skin?

Answer 12

Epidermis and the dermis

Question 13

The outermost layer of the skin, the layer you see when you look at a person or an animal, may contain up to five layers

Answer 13

Epidermis

Question 14

a fibrous protein that provides toughness to the cell and, therefore, to the skin

Answer 14

Keratin

Question 15

The deepest layer of the epidermis

Answer 15

basal layer

Question 16

stratum spinosum

Answer 16

spiny layer of the epidermis

Question 17

stratum granulosum

Answer 17

granular layer of the epidermis

Question 18

stratum lucidum

Answer 18

clear layer of the epidermis

Question 19

stratum corneum

Answer 19

outermost horny layer of the epidermis

Question 20

provides both structural and nutritional support to the epidermis.

Answer 20

Dermis

Question 21

made of several protein strands braided together, much like a person’s hair

Answer 21

Collagen

Question 22

a type of collagen that forms a loose net of thin, delicate fibers

Answer 22

Reticular fibers

Question 23

fibers that stretch like rubber bands, giving the skin flexibility.

Answer 23

Elastin fibers

Question 24

composed primarily of fat, but it also contains blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and connective tissue, stores fat, helps regulate body temperature, and supports the layers above it, both structurally and nutritionally.

Answer 24

hypodermis

Question 25

the top of the nose in dogs, cats, sheep, and pigs

Answer 25

planum nasale

Question 26

the top of the nose in horses and cattle

Answer 26

planum nasolabial

Question 27

a nonliving structure partially composed of keratin

Answer 27

Hair

Question 28

What 2 parts are hairs made up of?

Answer 28

shaft and root

Question 29

the free portion that rises above the skin surface

Answer 29

hair shaft

Question 30

What 3 components are layered over each other to make up the hair shaft?

Answer 30

cuticle, medulla, cortex

Question 31

single layer of keratinized cells arranged like shingles on the outside of the shaft

Answer 31

cuticle

Question 32

the core of the shaft, a layer that may not be present in all hairs

Answer 32

medulla

Question 33

Between the cuticle and the medulla, which makes up the bulk of most hairs and is composed of many keratinized cells packed together

Answer 33

cortex

Question 34

the portion of the hair beneath the surface of the skin

Answer 34

hair root

Question 35

If you pluck a hair from your skin, the pale, slightly widened or knoblike area at its end

Answer 35

hair bulb

Question 36

improve traction during locomotion, can also be used as a weapon for attack or defense, other animals use for gathering food, tearing apart food, or holding food while carrying or eating it

Answer 36

claws

Question 37

remnants of toes that have progressively become smaller as animals evolved from a four-toed stance to a two-toed stance

Answer 37

Dewclaws

Question 38

found in primates and are similar to claws but they have only a keratin outer surface and don’t possess a sole

Answer 38

Nails

Question 39

somewhat less versatile than a claw but serve their specific purpose very well, animals primarily use them to move around, can also be useful as a weapon if the animal kicks with its leg

Answer 39

Hooves

Question 40

composed of fibers that are intertwined, packed tightly together, and bound into a single unit by keratin, true derivatives of skin, rise from the epidermis and grow throughout life

Answer 40

Horns

Question 41

different from horns, although they have a similar outward appearance, originates in the dermal layer and is a bony extension of the skull, don’t grow continuously but are shed and regrown every year and tend to appear only in males of the species

Answer 41

Antlers

Question 42

made of protein and originate from a follicle, used for flight, protect the skin and aid in thermoregulation

Answer 42

Feathers

Question 43

What the 6 types of feathers?

Answer 43

Contour, semiplume, down, filoplume, bristles, powder down

Question 44

most visible feathers and include the flight feathers of the wings and tail

Answer 44

Contour feathers

Question 45

usually found under contour feathers and provide insulation and aid with buoyancy in water birds

Answer 45

Semiplume feathers

Question 46

soft, fluffy feathers are located close to the skin and function primarily in insulation

Answer 46

Down feathers

Question 47

barbless feathers that are located on the nape and upper back and play a role in controlling feather movement

Answer 47

Filoplume feathers

Question 48

may be found around the eyes, nostrils, mouth, or toes and play a role in the sense of touch

Answer 48

Bristles

Question 49

constantly growing feathers that create a waxy powder that spreads throughout the rest of the plumage to clean it and provide waterproofing

Answer 49

Powder down feathers

Question 50

process of feather replacement

Answer 50

Molting

Question 51

keratinized and relatively inelastic skin, made up of the subcutaneous space, dermis, and epidermis

Answer 51

Reptile skin

Question 52

process of skin shedding in reptiles

Answer 52

Ecdysis