2.2: Skeletal & Muscular Systems Flashcards
processes that deal with the buildup or breakdown of living cells for the purposes of providing energy and facilitating growth
Metabolic functions
cavity in the middle of the bone where red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are all produced
Bone marrow
What’s are examples of long bones?
bones in the legs and arms
What’s an example of flat bones?
bones in the pelvis
What 2 forms can bones exist in?
cancellous bone, compact bone
also called spongy bone, is a somewhat irregularly arranged group of bony material plates called trabeculae found in the bone marrow cavity
Cancellous bone
more highly structured series of bone layers found in the outer portions of the bone, composed of a series of tube-like structures arranged so that the tube shafts are parallel to the bone shaft.
Compact bone
What are the 3 types of cells are present in bone?
Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
responsible for secreting the material that forms bone
Osteoblasts
actually destructive, dissolving bone around them when needed
Osteoclasts
As osteoblasts age, they become this, the primary cells of mature bone
Osteocytes
What 2 ways do bones develop?
Intramembranous ossification, endochondral ossification
What are the 4 basic shapes of bone?
long, short, flat, and irregular
bones that are longer than they are wide
Long bones
cube-shaped bones
Short bones
thin and flat with cancellous bone between two thin plates of compact bone.
Flat bones
are simply those whose shapes don’t fit any of the previous categories or have characteristics of more than one of the shape categories
Irregular bones
a surface that forms a joint and contacts or articulates with another bone
Articular surface
a rounded end of a bone that articulates with another bone, found on the humerus, femur, and occipital bone of the skull
Condyle
refers to the rounded articular surface on the proximal end of a long bone, attached to the main part of the bone by the neck, found on the humerus, femur, and ribs.
Head of a bone
Flat articular surfaces
Facets
the various projections and bumps found on bones
Processes
a natural opening or passageway through a bone
Foramen
a concave depression in a bone. Muscles are usually found in these areas
Fossa
the body’s central framework along its long axis and includes the bones of the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum
Axial skeleton
consists of the bones of the limbs, shoulders, and pelvis
Appendicular skeleton
made up of small bones within soft tissue that don’t connect directly to other bones
Visceral skeleton,
What bones does the axial skeleton include?
Skull, hyoid bone, spine, ribs, sternum
bands of tough, fibrous connective tissue that connect bones at joints, and tendons are bands of similar material that attach muscles to bones.
Ligaments
a collection of flat bones (as opposed to long bones) that are fused or hinged together to form a solid mass of bone
Skull
The skull bone performs what 3 functions?
Protects the brain, forms the nasal passages and eye sockets, creates jawbones for biting and chewing
What 3 areas is the skull organized into?
The cranial cavity where the brain is located, the facial bones which make up the nose, jaw, and eye sockets, the ear bones
single unpaired bone of the caudal skull that has a large opening called the foramen magnum
The occipital bone
a structure made of cartilage and bone that lies along the median plane in the nasal cavity and divides the left and right nasal passages from each other
Nasal septum
forms the bony roof of the nasal cavitys
Nasal bone
forms the medial surface of the eye socket
Lacrimal bone
forms the upper jawbone and most of the hard palate, which is the bony roof of the mouth
Maxilla
the lower jaw, which is formed by two halves that come together centrally at the front of the face
Mandible
What are the 2 main regions of the the jaw?
shaft, ramus
the horizontal portion of the mandible where the teeth are located
Shaft
the vertical part of the mandible that articulates with the skull.
Ramus
a structure made of bone and cartilage that forms a sling to support the larynx, pharynx, and tongue, assists in the processes of swallowing.
Hyoid bone
consists of a series of bony vertebrae that extend along the long axis of the body from the skull to the end of the tail, the vertebrae act as a central support for the body and protect the spinal cord.
Spine
The hole formed by the body and the arch
Vertebral foramen.
What 5 regions can the spine be divided into?
Cervical (neck) vertebrae, thoracic (chest) vertebrae, lumbar (lower-back) vertebrae, sacral (pelvic-area) vertebrae, coccygeal (tail) vertebrae
associated with the thoracic vertebrae and form a protective cage around the heart and lungs
Ribs
a series of bones that lie medially on the ventral surface of the thorax
Sternum
a girdle of bones that attaches the spine to the pelvic limbs, similar to the way in which the scapula attaches the thoracic limbs to the body
Pelvis
largest bone in the pelvis
Ilium
thighbone
Femur
kneecap
Patella
also known as articulations, are found where two or more bones meet
Joints
What are the 3 classifications of joints?
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
known anatomically as synarthroses, are found in the skulls and in the splint bones of horses, these joints are immovable because they’re united by fibrous tissue
Fibrous joints
known anatomically as amphiarthroses and are somewhat movable, move in a rocking-type motion only, are found in the vertebrae, pelvis, and mandible
Cartilaginous joints
known anatomically as diarthroses and are freely movable joints
Synovial joints
oxygen and nutrients are primarily supplied to the hyaline cartilage on the articulating surfaces of a synovial joint by
Synovial fluid
movement at a joint that brings a limb away from the midline
Abduction
movement at a joint that brings the long bones on either side of the joint closer together
Flexion
Digits that don’t bear weight
Dewclaws
What region do the 3 bones of the pelvis fuse together, which articulates with the head of the femur
acetabulum
