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GEOL-1403 > Lesson 10: Rock Deformation > Flashcards

Lesson 10: Rock Deformation Flashcards

1
Q

What is stress?

A

the amount of force applied per unit area of a rock

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2
Q

What types of stresses work in convergent plate boundaries?

A

Compressive - rocks are being squeezed; causes shortening

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3
Q

What types of stresses work in divergent plate boundaries?

A

extensive (tensional) stress - rocks being pulled apart; causing lengthening

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4
Q

What types of stresses work in transforming plate boundaries?

A

shear stress - there are forces in opposite directions parallel to a plane; causes tearing/bending

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5
Q

What causes folding to occur?

A

compressional stresses

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6
Q

What are the different types of folds?

A

1 Anticline
2. Syncline
3. Symettrical Folds
4. Isoclinal Folds
5. Asymetrical Folds
6. Overturned Folds
7. Recumbent Folds
8. Chevron (Zig-Zag) Folds
9. Plunging Folds
10. Domes
11. Basins
12.Monoclines

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7
Q

What is the characterization of Anticlines? (F1)

A
  1. up folded/arched rock layers;
  2. oldest strata are in the center
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8
Q

What is the characterization of Syncilines? (F1)
(Hint: a syn makes you grin)

A
  1. downfolded/troughs of rock layers
  2. youngest strata are in the center
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9
Q

How can anticlines and synclines be described depending on their orientation?

A
  1. Symmetrical
  2. Asymmetrical
  3. Overturned - axial plane is inclined/tilted
  4. Recumbent - axial plane is horizontal
  5. Plunging - plunging (inclined/tilted) hinge line (non-plunging if the horizontal hinge line are non-plunging folds)
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10
Q

How are symmetrical folds characterized? (F2)

A

Limbs are mirror images of each other

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11
Q

How are Isoclinal folds characterized? (F3)

A
  1. have the same angle
  2. limbs are parallel
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12
Q

How are asymmetrical folds characterized? (F4)

A

Limbs are not mirror images of each other

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13
Q

How are overturned folds characterized? (F5)

A
  1. axial plane inclined/tilted
  2. beds on one limb are upside down
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14
Q

How are recumbent folds characterized? (F6)

A

horizontal axial plane

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15
Q

How are chevron folds characterized? (zig zag) (F7)

A
  1. straight limbs and sharp hinges
  2. v-shaped beds
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16
Q

How are plunging folds characterized? (F8)

A

folds have an inclined/tilted hinge line (NOT horizontal)

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17
Q

How are domes characterized?

A
  1. upwarped circular features
  2. oldest rocks are in the center
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18
Q

How are basins characterized?

A
  1. downwarped circular features
  2. Youngest rocks are in the center
19
Q

How are monoclines characterized?

A
  1. large, steplike folds, in an otherwise horizontal sedimentary strata
  2. Brittle basement rocks displaced upward with overlying ductile sedimentary strata draped over them.
20
Q

What are the types of faults

A
  1. Dip-slip faults
  2. Strike-slip faults
  3. Oblique-slip faults
21
Q

How are Dip-Slip faults characterized?

A
  1. inclined fault plane
  2. relative displacement along dip direction; parallel to fault’s slope
  3. vertical displacement along fault produces long, low cliffs called fault scarps.
  4. has a hanging wall and a footwall
22
Q

What part of a dip-slip fault is the hanging wall? (F9)

A

the block of rock above a non-vertical fault

23
Q

What part of a dip-slip fault is the footwall? (F9)

A

the block of rock below a non-vertical fault

24
Q

What are the 3 types of Dip-Slip faults?

A
  1. Normal fault - tensional stress
  2. Reverse fault - compressional stress
  3. Thrust fault - compressional stress
25
Q

How are normal dip-slip faults characterized?
(Hint: Geology is FUN) (F10)

A
  1. result from horizontal tensional stresses; accommodates crustal stretching
  2. Foot wall is up relative to strata in hanging wall
26
Q

How are reverse dip-slip faults characterized?
(Hint: FDR) (F11)

A
  1. result from horizontal compressional stresses in brittle rocks
  2. Footwall is down relative to strata in hanging wall
27
Q

How are thrust dip-slip faults characterized?

A
  1. dip is less than 40 degrees so the overlying plate moves almost horizontally
  2. considerable displacement that can result in older strata overlaying younger strata
  3. the result of compressional stress
28
Q

How are strike-slip faults characterized?

A
  1. caused by shear stresses
  2. motion on fault has taken place along a horizontal direction (no up and down motion)
29
Q

How are right-lateral strike-slip faults characterized?

A

The block moved to the right during faulting

30
Q

How are left-lateral strike-slip faults characterized?

A

The block across the fault moved to the left during faulting

31
Q

How are oblique-slip faults characterized?

A
  1. exhibit both strike and dip-slip motion
32
Q

_______ refers to the amount of force applied per unit area of a rock.

A

Stress

33
Q

Stress applied unequally in different directions is called _____ stress.

A

differential

34
Q

What is the definition of strain?

A

a change in a rock’s:
size
shape
volume
as a result of differential stress.

35
Q

At low temperatures (shallow depths), rocks tend to behave in a ____ manner and fracture.

A

brittle

36
Q

____ materials have a small region of ductile behavior before fracture.

A

Brittle

37
Q

At high temperatures, materials will behave in a more ____ manner.

A

ductile (plastic)

38
Q

Rocks are subject to stress; the main cause of this stress is _______.

A

plate tectonics

39
Q

Folds are the result of _____ deformation.

A

ductile

40
Q

Most rocks exhibit ______ deformation at shallow crustal depths.

A

brittle

41
Q

Joints result from _____ stresses acting on brittle rock.

A

tensional

42
Q

Reverse faults result from horizontal ____ stresses in brittle rocks.

A

compressional

43
Q

Most folds result from _____ stresses that result in a shortening and thickening of the crust

A

compressional

GEOL-1403 (20 decks)

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